History and theory of feminism. Tales of Forced Dressing in Girl's Clothes Women at the Olympics

HISTORY AND THEORY OF FEMINISM

Feminism (from Latin femina, “woman”) is a social and political movement, the purpose of which is to provide women with full civil rights. In a broad sense, the desire for equality between women and men in all spheres of society. In a narrow sense, a women's movement, the purpose of which is to eliminate discrimination against women and equalize their rights with men. It originated in the 18th century. Especially intensified since the late 1960s.

Traditional and radical feminism

Sometimes a distinction is made between traditional feminism (which is commonly referred to as first-wave feminism, 1840s-1930s) and its many modern varieties.

The most famous of these was radical feminism (the so-called "second wave" feminism), the emergence of which dates back to the 1960s. Radical feminism is sometimes compared to Marxist feminism, which is based on Friedrich Engels' On the Origins of the Oppression of Women, which is part of his larger work The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State. Their similarity is that both see the world as a confrontation between two classes: men and women, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, respectively. Radical feminism sees patriarchy as a form of oppression of women by men.

Gender division in the XXI century.

By the beginning of the 21st century, “second wave” feminism had already lost its former popularity. Its supporters gradually come to the conclusion that patriarchal relations lead to oppression not only of women, but also of men who are forced to conform to the roles imposed on them by a patriarchal society, and such forced conformity harms the development of a person as a person, regardless of his (her) gender.

Ideology

Feminism as a social theory and political trend was formed under the influence of life situations typical for women. Supporters of feminism criticize the existing social relations, focusing on the analysis of gender inequality and the protection of the rights and interests of women.

power and gender

Feminist theory aims to understand the nature of gender inequality and focuses on issues of politics, power, and sexuality. Feminist (and feminist) political activism has focused on issues such as childbearing rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment, discrimination, and sexual assault. Themes explored by feminism include discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, and patriarchy.

The basis of feminist ideology rights, privileges and position in society should not be determined by gender.

Universality for all nations

Modern feminist theory is constantly criticized as a theory that is predominantly (but not universally) associated with the intelligentsia and the middle class in Western countries. However, the feminist movement has no class or racial boundaries. It is specific in each culture, as it focuses on the problems of women in a given society, for example female circumcision in Sudan or the so-called. glass ceiling in North America. Some issues and issues, such as rape, incest and motherhood, are universal to feminism in all countries and cultures.

It is customary to date the origins of feminism to the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when the view that a woman occupies an oppressed position in a society centered on a man (see patriarchy) began to become more widespread. The feminist movement has its roots in the reform movement of 19th century Western society.

For the first time, demands for equality were put forward by women during the American Revolutionary War (17751783). Abigail Smith Adams (17441818) is considered the first American feminist. She entered the history of feminism with her famous phrase: "We will not be subject to laws in which we did not participate, and authorities that do not represent our interests" (1776).

France 18th century Napoleonic prohibitions

In France, by the beginning of the French Revolution of 1789, the first magazine devoted to women's struggle for equality began to appear, and women's revolutionary clubs arose, whose members participated in the political struggle. However, the French Constitution of 1791 denied women the right to vote. In the same year, the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Citizen, prepared by Olympia de Gouges on the model of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789, was submitted to the National Assembly, demanding recognition of the full social and political equality of women. At the same time, the first women's political organization, the Society of Women Revolutionary Republicans, was created, but in 1793 its activities were banned by the Convention, and soon the author of the Declaration, Olympia de Gouges, was sent to the guillotine (she owns the words “If a woman is worthy to ascend the scaffold, then it is worthy to enter the Parliament.

In 1795, French women were forbidden to appear in public places and at political meetings, and in 1804, Emperor Napoleon issued a decree declaring that a woman had no civil rights and was under the guardianship of a man.

UK 18th century

In England, the demand for civil equality for women was advanced by Mary Wollstonecraft (17591797) in A Defense of the Rights of Woman (1792).

19th century suffragism

The beginning of the organized movement is considered to be 1848, when a congress for the protection of women's rights was held in Seneca Falls (New York, USA) under the slogan "All women and men are created equal." In 1869, John Stuart Mill published his work The Subjugation of Women, in which he noted that "legislative support for the subordination of one sex to the other is harmful and is one of the main obstacles to human improvement."

Emmeline Pankhurst (Emmeline Pankhurst) was one of the founders of the movement for the right of women to vote in elections (the so-called suffragism from the English. suffrage, "the right to vote"). One of her goals was to debunk the sexism that was ingrained at all levels in British society. In 1868, she formed the Women's Social and Political Union WSPU, which united 5,000 members within a year. After the members of this organization began to be constantly arrested and imprisoned for trivial manifestations of support for the movement, many of them decided to express their protest on a hunger strike. The result of the hunger strike was that the seriously undermined their health hunger strikers drew attention to the unjustified cruelty of the legislative system of the time, and thus to the ideas of feminism. Under pressure from the WSPU, the English Parliament passed a number of laws aimed at improving the status of women and gave women the right to vote in local elections (1894).

In the United States in 1869, two organizations of this nature were created, which merged in 1890 to form the National American Association for Women's Suffrage. Thanks to the activity of its members in a number of American states, women were allowed to vote.

The first suffrage for women. 20th century

The first women to be eligible to vote were in New Zealand in 1893 and in Australia in 1902. Later, women in a number of European countries received the right to vote (in Finland in 1906, in Norway in 1913, in Denmark and Iceland in 1915, in Russia in 1917, in Canada in 1918). In 1919, women in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Luxembourg, Czechoslovakia, in 1920 in the USA, in 1922 in Ireland, in 1928 in Great Britain, in 1931 in Spain and Portugal achieved the right to vote.

Three "waves" of feminism

In the decades that have passed since then, the number of different strands in the feminist movement has grown. Each of them focuses on certain aspects of discrimination against women. The early feminists and original feminist organizations are now called the "first wave" of feminism, and post-1960s feminists “second wave”. There is also the so-called "third wave", but not all feminists agree with the need to single it out separately in the light of the ideas it propagates. These three "waves" are named that way because their similarity to the waves of the ocean is emphasized, where each subsequent wave comes after its predecessor and takes its place, without detracting from the previous one.

Mary Wollstonecraft's In Defense of Women's Rights is one of the few writings that appeared before the 19th century that can be considered an early feminist work. Another forerunner of feminism, On the Majesty and Excellence of the Female Sex, was written by the philosopher Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa in 1529. In contemporary feminism, Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies by anthropologist Margaret Mead Mead) in 1935, occupies a special place. Mead was a professor at Columbia University, where Bella Abzug studied, who later became one of the main leaders of American feminism. In his book, Mead points out that the women of the Chambuli tribe held a dominant position without creating any problems for the tribe. Among the intellectuals of the Abzug era, this book reinforced the view that European ideas of femininity (femininity) and masculinity (masculinity) are due to society itself and its social constructs, and not to deep human instincts.

The UN adopts the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. 1979

The first international agreement that proclaimed the equality of men and women as a fundamental human right was the Charter of the United Nations (1945). In 1979 the UN adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Most Muslim countries do not recognize these provisions.

Mass performances. 20th century

After the Second World War, one of the most important tasks of the women's movement was the struggle for the actual realization of women's rights recognized by law. During the protests of the 60-70s. in the US and Europe, the feminist movement is gaining mass character ("second wave"). The general demand of feminists is the struggle for the right not only to elect, but to enter the power structures themselves. The ancestor and theorist of the "second wave" was Simone de Beauvoir.

Heads of state women

So far, more than 20 women have become democratically elected heads of state and government. Sirimavo Bandaranaike (1960, Sri Lanka) became the first woman to head the government, Isabel Perón (1974, Argentina) the first woman president, Vigdis Finnbogadottir (1980, Iceland), the first a woman who headed the government in a Muslim country, Benazir Bhutto (1988, Pakistan). Today, women are heads of state in Ireland (1997, Mary McAleese), Finland (2000, Tarja Halonen), the Philippines (2001, Gloria Arroyo), Germany (2006, Angela Merkel), Chile (2006, Michelle Bachelet), and Argentina (2007, Christina Kirshner).

The many faces of feminism

The term "feminism" implies a single ideology, but in fact there are many subgroups within this movement. Due to different historical precedents, different positions and social status of women in different countries, as well as other factors, feminist ideology had to move in different directions in order to achieve its intended goals. As a result, there are many varieties of feminism.

Radical feminism

One of them, radical feminism, considers patriarchy to be the source of most serious social problems. Violence and oppression against women because they are women is a more significant reason for discrimination than class, ethnicity, religion, etc. This form of feminism was popular in the so-called. "second wave" ("wave" as a significant change in generally accepted feminist ideas), but not so popular in our time. Despite this, many still equate the term "feminism" solely with the ideas of radical feminism. Some believe that the prioritization of the oppression of women and the universalization of the idea of ​​Capitalized Women, traditionally belonging to the ideas of radical feminism, oversimplifies the problem, and that women in other countries will never be able to experience what it means to be "Woman" in the same way as residents of the Western world .

Some representatives of radical feminism advocate separatism - the complete separation of men and women in society and culture, while others not only question the relationship between men and women, but also the very meaning of the concepts of "man" and "woman". Some defend the view that roles and gender identity, as well as sexual affiliation, are determined by social factors (so-called heteronormativity). For these followers of the movement, feminism is the primary tool for personal liberation or emancipation (that is, the liberation of both men and women equally from the obstacles created by society itself).

Other feminists are convinced that there are other social problems that arose before or independently of patriarchy, such as racism and the division of society into classes. They see feminism as one liberation movement out of many, each of which influences the other.

Feminism in art

Since the 1970s, one of the most significant transformations in the visual arts has obviously been related to the re-examination of gender issues. In the early 70s, the crisis of confidence in the culture of modernism, which was dominated by men, was most fully expressed among feminist artists.

New York. "Women Revolt"

Women's groups have been active in New York City, where the Art Workers' Coalition, among its "13 demands" to museums, named the need to "overcome the injustice that has been shown to female artists for centuries by setting exhibitions, acquiring new exhibits, and forming selection committees , an equal representative quota for artists of both sexes." Soon an "influence group" called "Women Artists in Revolution" (WAR for short) arose to protest against discrimination against women at the annual exhibitions at the Whitney Museum. Members of the group advocated that the percentage of participants be increased from 7 to 50 percent. Subsequently, they took steps to organize their own exhibitions and galleries.

In this atmosphere of debate about women's creativity, several key messages were formulated, the most notable of which were set out in Linda Nochlin's essay "Why are there no great female artists?", Published in 1971 in Art News and in the catalog for the exhibition "25 artists." The subject of Nokhlin's consideration was the question of whether there is any special feminine essence in women's creativity. No, there isn't, she argued. Nokhlin saw the reasons for the absence of Michelangelo-ranked artists among women in the system of public institutions, including education. She insisted on the power of circumstances, showing intelligence and talent in general.

The artist Linda Benglis made a notorious demonstrative gesture in 1974 when she challenged the male community. She took a number of photographs where, posing as a model, she parodied the typically masculine view of women. In the final photo of the cycle, she posed naked with a dildo in her hand.

Varieties of feminism

Feminism has many branches. Below is a list of some of them.

• Anarcho-feminism
• Vumanism (from English woman woman)
• Spiritual feminism
• Cultural feminism
• Lesbian feminism
• liberal feminism
• Individualist feminism
• Male feminism
• Marxist feminism, or socialist feminism
• material feminism
• Multicultural feminism
• Pop feminism
• Postcolonial feminism
• Postmodern feminism (including queer theory)
• Psychoanalytic feminism
• "Fluffy" feminism ("frivolous feminism")
• Radical feminism
• Role feminism
• Sexual-liberal feminism (sex-positive feminism, pro-sex feminism)
• Separatist feminism
• Socialist feminism
• Socially conditioned feminism
• Transfeminism
• Amazon Feminism
• Third world feminism
• French feminism
• Ecofeminism
• existential feminism

Some currents, approaches and people can also be described as proto-feminists or post-feminists.

Feminist men

Although the bulk of the followers of the feminist movement are women, men can also be feminists.

Some feminists still believe that men should not take leadership positions in the feminist movement due to their natural assertive desire for power and dominance in any hierarchy, which will eventually lead to the application of this tactic to feminist organizations.

Others believe that women, who are naturally destined to obey a man, will not be able to fully develop and express their own leadership qualities by working in too close cooperation with men. This point of view is a manifestation of sexism.

Despite this, many feminists accept and approve of male support for the movement. Compare pro-feminist, humanism, masculism.

Relations with other socio-political movements

Many feminists take a holistic approach to politics, believing in what Martin Luther King Jr. once said, "A threat to justice in one place is a threat to justice everywhere."

In keeping with this belief, some feminists support other movements, such as the civil rights movement, the gay and lesbian rights movement, and, for some time, the fathers' rights movement.

Womanism

At the same time, many black feminists (such as bell hooks) criticized the movement for being dominated by fair-skinned women. Feminist statements that criticize the shortcomings of the position of women in Western countries often do not touch the problems of black women. This division is a key foundation of post-colonial feminism. Many black feminists prefer the term womanism to describe their beliefs.

Rejection of transsexuality

Despite the above, some feminists are wary of the transgender movement, as it questions the differences between men and women. Transgender women are often excluded from “female-exclusive” gatherings and events, and are also not taken seriously by some feminists, who believe that no person born as a man can fully understand the essence of the oppression they have to deal with. women, which can also be qualified as a manifestation of sexism.

Transgender women consider this attitude to be transphobic, arguing that the harassment and discrimination they had to go through in order to protect their rights and identity compensate for the fact that they could “miss” something, growing up as a woman in a male body. They also claim that such attitudes are nothing but discrimination, heterosexism and patriarchy.

Impact on Western society

Feminism brought about many changes in Western society, including:

• granting women the right to vote in elections;
• a wide range of professions with wages more or less comparable to those of men in the same profession;
• the right to file for divorce;
• the right of women to have control over their own bodies and the right to decide what medical interventions are acceptable for them, including the choice of contraceptives and safe abortions,

as well as many other social changes.

Some feminists argue that much more needs to be done in the areas listed above, and we should not stop there, while the so-called. third wave feminists agree that "the battle is won." With Western society becoming more positive about feminist principles and generally accepting them as an integral part of the social fabric, many issues that in the past were considered exclusively "feminist" are no longer perceived as such.

Integration into society

Some of the exclusively radical feminist views are now universally accepted as a matter of course, a traditional part of political thought. The overwhelming majority of the population of Western countries sees nothing unnatural in the right of women to vote, to choose their own spouse (or choose no one), to own land - all that would have seemed incredible even a hundred years ago.

Influence on language

In the languages ​​of the Western world (in particular, in English), feminists are often advocates for the use of non-sexist language, for example, using the address Ms. (Miss) towards women, whether or not they are married. Feminists also advocate the choice of words that do not exclude one of the sexes when it comes to a phenomenon / concept / subject that is common to both men and women, such as “marriage” instead of “marriage”.

English provides more global examples: the words humanity and mankind are used to refer to the whole of mankind, but the second word mankind goes back to the word man ‘man’, and therefore the use of the word humanity is preferable, since it goes back to the neutral word ‘man’.

In many other languages ​​(including Russian), it is customary to use the grammatical ‘he’ if the gender of the person referred to in the sentence is unknown; it would be more politically correct from a feminist's point of view to use in such cases 'he or she', 'he/she', 'his/her', 'his or her', etc. In most cases, such an attitude to language for feminists means respectful relation to both sexes, and also has a certain political and semantic coloring of the information transmitted in this way.

These changes in language requirements are also explained by the desire to correct the elements of sexism in language, since feminists believe that language directly affects our perception of the world and our understanding of our place in it (see the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis). However, it is quite possible that this linguistic issue is not so relevant for all languages ​​of the world, although the fact that English has become one of the most common languages ​​of international communication cannot be discounted.

Influence on morality in education

Opponents of feminism argue that women's struggle for external power—as opposed to "inner power" that helps influence the formation and maintenance of values ​​such as ethics and morality—left a vacuum, as the early role of moral educator was traditionally assigned to a woman. Some feminists respond to this reproach by saying that the field of education has never been and should not have been exclusively "women's". Paradoxically, homeschooling is the result of a women's movement.

Arguments and discussions of this kind are further exacerbated in larger controversies, such as culture wars, and within feminist (and anti-feminist) discourse about who is responsible for preserving public morality and the quality of mercy.

Impact on heterosexual relationships

The feminist movement has undoubtedly influenced heterosexual relationships both in Western society and in other countries influenced by feminism. While in general this impact is assessed as positive, some negative consequences are also noted.

In some respects, there has been a reversal of the poles of power. In such cases, both men and women have to adapt to relatively new situations, which sometimes causes confusion and confusion in getting used to non-traditional roles for each gender.

Women are now more free to choose the opportunities that open up for them, but some feel considerable discomfort from having to play the role of "superwoman", that is, keeping a balance between career and caring for the home. In response to the fact that it is more difficult for a woman to be a “good mother” in the new society, many supporters of socialist feminism note the lack of a sufficient number of pre-school education institutions. At the same time, instead of shifting the responsibility for raising and caring for children exclusively to mothers, many fathers have become more actively involved in this process, recognizing that this is their responsibility too.

Pregnancy control

Since the "second wave" of feminism, there have been changes in regard to sexual behavior and morality. The free choice of means of protection against unplanned conception contributes to the fact that women feel more confident in sexual relationships. Not the last place in this is played by the change in public opinion in relation to female sexuality. The sexual revolution has allowed women to be liberated, and both sexes to enjoy intimacy more, as both partners now feel free and equal.

Despite this opinion, some feminists believe that the results of the sexual revolution are only favorable to men. The discussion on the topic “is matrimony an institution of oppression of women” continues to be relevant. Those who view marriage as an instrument of oppression opt for cohabitation (that is, the so-called de facto marriage).

Influence on religion

Feminism has also influenced many aspects of religion.

Christianity

In liberal offshoots of Protestant Christianity, women may be members of the clergy. In reformism and reconstructionism, women can become "priests" and choristers. Within these groups of Christian reformism, women gradually became more or less equal to men through access to high positions; their perspective is now in the exploration and reinterpretation of the respective beliefs.

These tendencies, however, are not supported in Islam and Catholicism. The growing denominations of Islam forbid Muslim women to be part of the clergy in any capacity, including theology. Liberal movements within Islam still do not leave attempts to carry out some reforms of a feminist nature in Muslim society. The Catholic Church traditionally does not admit women to the ranks of the clergy of any rank, with the exception of becoming a monk.

New forms of religion

Feminism has played a role in the emergence of new forms of religion. Neo-pagan religions especially emphasize the special role of the goddesses and question what they see as negative views from traditional religions towards the "holy woman". Within traditional religions, feminism brought with it an introspective introspection, which resulted in a revival of a positive view of the image of the Virgin Mary in Christianity and Fatima Zahra in Islam. At the same time, these attempts continue to be criticized as being incapable of saving hopelessly corrupt church structures. Most of all, it is expressed in relation to the Virgin Mary: it is argued that her status as a virgin mother, which is traditionally the main model for shaping the female role of mother, makes women strive for an unattainable ideal and, thus, has a negative impact on the formation of a woman's personality and sexuality.

A feminist view of the world

Despite significant progress in the field of women's equality, there are still no common positions on this issue either among men or women. However, when talking about the oppression of women, the following is often said:

1. In most countries (especially third world countries), the predominant position in sexual intercourse is still the “Man on top” position.
2. Women and girls are still subjected to sexual violence.
3. Despite the fact that the laws of many countries equalize the rights of spouses to their common property, in fact, women earn and own less wealth than men.
4. Housework is comparable in severity and duration to any other occupation.
5. The number of women in important government institutions around the world is still less than the number of men. In 1985, Finland had the largest number of women in the legislative bodies of the country at that time - 32%.
6. In most third world countries, social advertising is carried out to improve attitudes towards women to the level of developed countries, and the performance of some existing traditions (female circumcision) harms women.

Perspective: The Nature of the Modern Movement

Many feminists believe that discrimination against women still exists in Europe and North America, as well as in the rest of the world. There are many different opinions among feminists regarding the depth and breadth of existing problems, their identification and how to deal with them. Extreme groups include radical feminists such as Mary Daly, who is of the opinion that the world would be a much better place if there were far fewer men. There are also dissidents, including Christina Hoff Sommers and Camille Paglia, feminists who accuse the feminist movement of promoting anti-masculine prejudices. Many feminists question their right to call themselves feminists.

Many feminists, however, also question the application of the term "feminist" to those who support any form of violence against any gender, or to those who do not recognize the fundamental principle of gender equality. Some feminists, such as Katha Pollitt, author of Reasonable Creatures, and Nadine Strossen, author of Defending Pornography, a treatise on free speech, believe that in feminism is based on the statement “First of all, women people”, and any statements whose goal is to divide people along gender lines instead of uniting them should be called sexist, not feminist, which allows us to recognize their words closer to egalitarianism than to classical feminism.

There are also debates between difference feminists, such as Carol Gilligan on the one hand, who are of the opinion that there are important differences between the sexes (innate or acquired, but which cannot be ignored), and feminists who believe that there are no differences between the sexes, but only the roles that society imposes on people depending on their gender. Modern scientists disagree on the question of whether there are deeper innate differences between the sexes than anatomical, chromosomal and hormonal. Regardless of how many and what differences exist between the sexes, feminists agree that these differences cannot be the basis for discrimination against one of them.

Criticism of feminism

Feminism is attracting attention because it has brought significant changes to Western society. While many principles of feminism are generally accepted, some of them continue to be criticized.

Enmity between the sexes

Some of the critics (both men and women) believe that feminists sow hatred between the sexes and promote ideas of male inferiority. These critics point out that if in some feminist writings the words "man" and "woman" are replaced with "black" and "light-skinned", respectively, then these works will sound like propaganda of racism. While some feminists disagree that men do not benefit equally from women in a patriarchal way of life, other feminists, especially so-called feminists. The Third Wave take the opposite view and believe that gender equality implies the absence of oppression of either sex.

Attempts to restore matriarchy

Many critics of the movement believe that, speaking of gender equality, modern feminists nevertheless promote an ideology centered on a woman. These critics cite the etymology and comment on the symbolism of contemporary feminism, noting their consistent focus only on issues that pertain to women. In their opinion, such a presentation of the material makes the followers of this ideology see the world only through the prism of women's problems, thereby distorting the perception of the world and developing persistent prejudices. This group of critics speaks of the need to introduce and move to a new term that characterizes such a gender-neutral movement as "egalitarianism". This term could replace the term "feminism" when referring to a current of thought that has become almost universal in Western countries - the belief that both men and women have equal rights and opportunities.

Discrimination against men

Critics of feminism argue that in Western countries now, because of the feminist movement, in fact, men are discriminated against. Those who hold this view point out that the suicide rate for men in the US is four times higher than for women; that these figures increased substantially between the 1980s and 1990s; that 72% of all suicides are committed by white men; that just over half of all suicides are adult males aged 25-65. Many experts come to the conclusion that the United States is becoming a country where men, especially fair-skinned men, are victims of serious discrimination. World statistics give similar figures.

conscription

Another example of discrimination against men, not only in Russia, but also in many other countries, is military conscription. Although the Constitution of the Russian Federation extends military service to all citizens, in fact only men are subject to conscription, which is direct discrimination based on gender, while it should be noted that this fact is the result of state policy, and not the activities of feminists. It should be noted that in Israel military service applies to all citizens, regardless of gender.

The death penalty

In the legislation of a number of countries, the use of the death penalty is allowed only for men, which is in clear conflict with the concept of gender equality. A number of feminist critics believe that this situation, however, does not attract the attention of feminists.

Criminal penalty

In the legislation of a number of countries (including Russia), women are granted benefits while serving their sentences. In particular, in accordance with Article 82 of the Criminal Code,

“Convicted pregnant women and women with children under the age of fourteen, except for those sentenced to imprisonment for a term of more than five years for grave and especially grave crimes against a person, the court may defer the actual serving of the sentence until the child reaches the age of fourteen.”

“After the child reaches the age of fourteen, the court releases the convict from serving the sentence or the remainder of the punishment, or replaces the remaining part of the punishment with a milder form of punishment.”

Also, women enjoy more lenient conditions of imprisonment, they cannot be punished in the form of imprisonment in colonies of strict and special regimes in accordance with Art. 74 of the Penal Code.

Suppression of the facts

According to critics, modern feminism is characterized by a one-sided, one-sided view of things, when obvious facts that are inconvenient for feminism are not noticed, and insignificant facts that benefit it are inflated to enormous proportions.

Destruction of the traditional way of life

Many people are opposed to the feminist movement because they see it as the cause of the destruction of the traditional way of life and the elimination of the traditional roles traditionally assigned to men and women based on their gender. In this regard, it is said that there are a number of natural differences between men and women, and that the whole society only benefits from their recognition.

Erosion of the traditional family

Many believe that children develop more harmoniously if they are brought up in a family where there is a courageous father and a feminine mother. In the light of this opinion, divorces, single-parent families or families with homosexual partners are seen as a more significant threat to the development of the child than living in a complete family with frequent conflicts between parents, or in those where both parents are weak role models. The obligatory pursuit of such a family model is sometimes criticized as something unnecessary and idealized.

Infringement of the rights of fathers

Sometimes there are voices of critics who argue that social change and legislative reforms have gone too far and that they are now having a negative impact on married men who have children. For example, it has been repeatedly said that in court hearings on guardianship, the rights of fathers are clearly infringed, since preference for custody of children is most often given to mothers, not fathers. In this regard, organizations began to form, the purpose of which was to fight for the rights of fathers.

Artificial promotion of women

Some men also express concern that the widespread belief in the existing so-called. The "glass ceiling" in women's careers means that women are often promoted in order to create a good image for the company, rather than based on an objective assessment of their talents and abilities. This phenomenon can be compared with the so-called. “protective act” (affirmative action), the purpose of which was (and is) in the United States to protect the rights of national minorities (in particular, African Americans) when hiring.

Birth rate and immigration

There is also a group of so-called paleo-conservatives, including George Gilder (George Gilder) and Pat Buchanan (Pat Buchanan); they believe that feminism has created a society that is fundamentally flawed, has no future, and will eventually destroy itself. This anti-feminist group argues that countries where feminism has advanced the furthest have steadily declining birth rates and the highest immigration rates (often among countries where feminism is strongly opposed) are the highest. In the USA, the so-called. "Liberal" religious groups that are favorable to feminism note a decrease in the growth rate of the church parish, both on the part of new converts and those who grew up in this religious environment. Currently in the US, Islam is rapidly growing in the number of its supporters, while this religion is strongly opposed to feminism.

Although there is almost universal support for efforts to control sexual harassment in the workplace, there are those who consider this type of conflict resolution practice indirect discrimination against men, since in most cases justice tends to side with the woman, and cases where a man appears as a plaintiff, is rarely taken seriously. Beginning in the 1990s, the US Supreme Court made it more difficult to deal with cases of alleged sexual harassment.

Representatives of post-colonial feminism criticize Western forms of feminism, especially radical feminism, and their basis the desire to present the life of a woman in a generalized, universal light. Feminists of this type believe that this principle is based on the disadvantages experienced by fair-skinned middle-class women, and does not take into account the difficulties that women who experience racial or class discrimination have to face.

Currently, young women predominantly associate "feminism" with radical feminism. This is one of the reasons why many of them stay away from this movement, or avoid using the terminology introduced by the so-called. second wave of feminism. However, the core values ​​promoted by feminism (equality of rights and opportunities regardless of gender) have become such an integral and universally accepted part of Western culture that the deviation from these values ​​​​and rules causes rejection by most people (both men and women), even those who do not consider themselves to be feminists.

Literature:

• Judith Butler (1994). "Feminism in Any Other Name", differences 6:2-3: 44-45.
• Alice Echols, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 19671975, University of Minnesota Press 1990
• Karen Kampwirth, Feminism and the Legacy of Revolution: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Chiapas, Ohio UP 2004
• Gerda Lerner, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-Seventy, Oxford University Press 1994
• Kaja Silverman, Male Subjectivity at the Margins, p.2-3. New York: Routledge 1992
• Calvin Thomas, ed., "Introduction: Identification, Appropriation, Proliferation," Straight with a Twist: Queer Theory and the Subject of Heterosexuality, p.39n. University of Illinois Press (2000)

The modern world is a very strange and unusual place. There is a lot in it that does not lend itself to logical explanations at all and contradicts the seemingly unshakable laws of nature. The attitude of different people to this fact is sometimes directly opposite: someone sees in previously unthinkable changes progress and natural evolution, the development of society, and someone sees the degradation of mankind and its disintegration, inexorably leading everyone to the end. Who is right is not for me, the author of this article, and not for the readers to decide. Everyone can only choose their own path and follow it.

Similarity to each other

One of these unnatural changes for conservative people is the obvious "deviation from the norm" of the stronger sex. Increasingly, you can meet a man adopting a female model of behavior, and many do it secretly. What is interesting is that a fairly large number of people who condemn "effeminate boys" have nothing against women who have become strong.

Afraid to admit to themselves

The term "forced feminization", as a rule, applies to those men who subconsciously seek to "try on" the female role. In fact, this procedure does not imply real coercion - everything that happens is a game - sexual and psychological at the same time - in which the dominant partner simply helps the submissive man get what he wants, but is afraid to admit it even to himself. Thus, forced feminization may seem like violence only from the outside - in fact, both partners will be pleased with each other.

Not only sexual minorities

It should be noted that such a representative of the supposedly stronger sex can be found not only among homosexuals. Forced feminization of men can be (and most often is) carried out by a woman. Another thing is that a lady should be "strong" by default - fortunately, there are not so few of them in the modern world.

At what age is forced feminization more common?

Interestingly, for such a ceremony, the number of years lived by the "victim" is not so important. Of course, no one will molest babies, but the forced feminization of boys who have just reached adulthood is no less (but no more) common than similar "violence" against mature men. This is explained by the fact that the female warehouse of character is laid down in childhood (or adolescence), but when it will be allowed to manifest itself - it depends on the person himself.

Who is performing the ceremony?

Very rarely, forced feminization can be carried out in the family. After all, not every man is able to tell his wife or just a girlfriend about his inclinations. Therefore, as a rule, the role of dominatrix (or dominant, in the case of homosexual relationships) is performed by a partner specially hired for this. The scenario for the development of actions should be agreed in advance, but, as a rule, it includes the following steps:

1. Acquaintance with the mistress / master, on which the dominant partner immediately determines his dominance.

2. Dressing a subordinate man in sexy women's clothing, applying makeup, removing hair from the face, intimate area and (by agreement) the whole body.

3. Humiliation by a dominant partner. It may include being forced to do "women's" work - washing dishes, laundry, cleaning.

4. Sexy part. It must be agreed between partners, but, as a rule, always includes "rape".

A few weeks ago, my article on feminism was published. Its essence is that feminism is not a curse. One of the comments in response came from an educated and reading lady, a librarian by profession. For some reason, she thinks that the first feminists demanded basically equal pay.

Although in fact the first wave feminists, being educated middle-class ladies, demanded for women the right to paid work outside the home (decent married women were not supposed to work for hire), work in government bodies, as well as the right to own property (the property of a married lady automatically became the property of the spouse). And also, the right to vote in elections (stupid women were not able to make such important decisions). It’s no surprise that in Saudi Arabia, women voted for the first time in elections just a year ago, in 2015.

Therefore, it would probably be nice for our girls to know, at least briefly, the history of the feminist movement. Of course, in reality, its history is as full of events as the Great Patriotic War. But at least know the main milestones and events, and what feminists really fought and are fighting for.

The main historical milestones in the development of feminism

In different centuries, the role of women in society was perceived differently. Consider the main historical milestones in the development of feminism.

For many years, feminists have fought for equal rights with men.

3 waves of feminism

What were the feminists up to? Some of these freedoms were given to Soviet ladies before their Western sisters, while others are still not available to Russian women.

1 wave (1850-1930)

• property rights for married
• acceptability of employment for middle-class women
• right to vote in elections
• access to education for all girls, regardless of class
• permission to enter the university in any department
• the opportunity to work in any profession, including politics and law
• the possibility of being elected to parliament
• pay equity for workers

2 wave (1960-1981)

• support girls to dream not only about “becoming a housewife”
• elimination of discrimination in the work environment
• equal pay
• bodily autonomy and access to contraceptives, legalization of abortion
• stop sexual objectification of women, ban pornography
• protection for victims of domestic violence

3 wave (1990-1999)

• sexual freedom, the right to enjoy sex and pornography
• removing the stigma against women who enjoy sex, "slut shaming"
• more shelters for victims of domestic violence
• increase in the number of women in the media and the highest echelons of politics

• positive body image, acceptability of different beauty standards
• overcoming gender inequality in the level of earnings (gender gap)
• focus on prevention of domestic violence, sexual violence
• elimination of stereotypes “ “, when sexual violence is normalized or hushed up
• better protection processes for victims of violence
• overcoming the stereotype “the victim herself provokes the rapist”
• elimination of sexism in all spheres
• legislation preventing online attacks against women

Although feminism has come a long way, it is still difficult to talk about the complete eradication of sexism.

Feminism: A Brief History

789 Sacre Cyarlemagne

For the first time in history, the French emperor issues an order for the establishment of schools in every city and suburb, where children of both sexes could receive an education. By the 11th century, the monastery was the only place where women could study.

1405: Christina the Deceiver

The writer Christina from Pisan made a lot of noise with her books "City of Women" and "Christina's View". She was the first to publicly present her memories of the scarlet lips and strong shoulders of her beloved, which aroused extraordinary interest in herself.

1509: Is baldness a sign of weakness of spirit?

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, a German philosopher, astrologer and physician, once stated that a woman is biologically superior to a man. The fact that women do not go bald, in his opinion, testifies to the strength of the woman’s spirit, and their tendency to excessive talkativeness only proves the superiority of women over men, because the word is a gift from God, it distinguishes people from animals, which means that they must be used as much as possible.

1832: A woman named George Sand is a symbol of 19th-century literary feminism.

1848: equal rights for American women

The birth of the women's movement in America falls at the height of abolitionism (the struggle to abolish slavery), or rather, it is the participation of women in the abolitionist movement that gives them the necessary experience and self-confidence in order to start fighting for their rights. However, if slavery (at least in the north of the United States) was recognized as a social evil, then women's lack of rights, which at that time reached simply wild proportions, was proclaimed a blessing, the struggle against which was a social evil. In 1848, the first women's rights conventions were organized by Elizabeth Stanton and Lucretia Muth in New York.

The history of feminism officially began less than 200 years ago.

1882: British Married Women's Property Act.

Previously, the legal status of a woman disappeared with her marriage and her husband automatically became the owner of the property. The new act recognized a woman's right to purchase and own property. Women could also now be sued.

1890s: the emergence of the term "feminism"

Until that time, the movement for women's rights did not have its own name.

1893: vote - keep quiet

New Zealand was one of the first to give women the right to vote. It was followed by Australia and Finland (respectively 1902 and 1906). In 1920, it was the turn of the Americans. In France, this became possible only in 1944. And countries like Switzerland and Portugal only gave women the right to vote in the 1970s.

1903: Suffragette Emmeline Penkharts establishes the Women's Social and Political Union in Manchester.

The goal is to fight for women's right to vote. Around the same period, the suffragette movement was born, which partly influenced the marketing policy of London boutiques: they were simply inundated with interesting novelties - hats, badges and other trifles. Suffragettes managed to make a kind of contribution even to fashion trends - in particular, they wore exclusively violet-colored ribbons as a symbol of special dignity, green hats as a symbol of hope and white blouses and skirts as a symbol of purity.

1909: give birth without going underground

A number of European countries have adopted the first law on parental leave. It is provided for 8 weeks, but not yet paid (this will begin in two years). The Parental Leave Act prohibits the dismissal of pregnant women from work.

Previously, women could not own property. Their legal status disappeared with marriage.

1919: English sexual disqualification act

Women were allowed to be members of a criminal jury, work in government agencies, be lawyers and go to universities, regardless of whether they are married or not.

1923: family planning

First family planning office opens in New York; in particular, they provide advice on contraception. It is led by Margaret Sanger, who herself was born into a family of 11 children. She wants to break existing taboos. To achieve social flourishing, women must stop being afraid of constant pregnancies.

1937: First modern magazine for women

The Provost group publishes the magazine "Marie Claire". The slogan of the publication is a magazine for women who have not yet been able to realize themselves. Its circulation, which was originally 800,000 copies, reached one million before World War II.

1956: In Boston, Dr. Gregory Pincus launches a birth control pill called Enovid.

This combination of progesterone and estrogen - 2-in-one - will revolutionize the sex life of men and women. Women cease to be afraid of pregnancy and decide on sexual emancipation. The sudden release of age restraint led to such an explosion of sexual freedom that even the participants in the “revolution” themselves were embarrassed to recall it decades later.

1970: Gimme Man's Thighs!

Holland. A women's team called "Minas" creates a commando unit. Women go out into the street and pinch the legs of men passing by, thus proving their equality with men.

Thanks to contraception, women have ceased to be afraid of permanent pregnancies. It was another step towards freedom.

1976: domestic violence law

In the UK, a victim of domestic violence could now obtain a protective order against the abuser, even if she was married to him. Marital rape has become a crime. The offender could now be evicted from the house upon the complaint of the victim.

1989: in bed with Madonna

In a halo of glory, with a pragmatic commercial approach to everything, Madonna manipulates men, appears before the world as a classic self made woman who does not need men for self-affirmation. Maria Luisa Ciccone collects partners of both sexes, some sexier than others.

1992: Girls Who Love Girls

The beginning of the 90s of the last century was marked by the final and irrevocable victory of feminism. In addition, lesbians of all sorts and stripes are fully legalized. They are no longer in hiding and create a league of "girls who love girls".

1993: early out of the woods

The American feminist Susan Faludi, in her essay "Backlash", describes the state of women in modern America in a rather pessimistic tone. While everyone is already fully convinced that the war of the sexes is over, Susan argues that this is premature conclusions, and does not smell like anything. Sexual harassment, uneven pay, the cult of beautiful slim women and so on. Susan Faludi becomes a kind of symbol of radical feminism.

1998-2004: cult series "Sex and the City"

For the first time in history, a women's series was shown, where girls do not dream of marriage, but are happy to enter into relationships with men and have sex, build a career along the way and really stand up for each other as friends. One of the heroines, Samantha, broke down many barriers by creating the image of a girl who loves sex. In a relationship with her boyfriend, she is afraid of becoming “one of those couples who have sex 3 times a week.” In a recent interview, Kim Cattrall admitted that she was scared to even say certain phrases written for her in the script, because none of the ladies around her had ever expressed themselves like that.

2011: “slut walk” (slut walk)

The first "whore walk" is organized in Toronto, Canada, in response to a police officer's remark that girls should not dress like "whores" to avoid sexual assault. The movement quickly spread throughout the world. Feminists refuse to accept the fact that a girl's clothes can justify sexual assault. In addition, a large number of rapes occur in countries where girls traditionally dress conservatively.

2015: Saudi Arabia's first women's elections

This country was the last in the world to allow women to vote.

2016: Women may lose their right to abortion

The US has imposed more than 282 restrictions on abortion since 2010, including a waiting period and the number of times a woman must see a doctor before receiving a referral. Poland raised the issue of total restriction of abortions. The same sentiments in Russia and Ukraine. Moreover, these legislative changes will affect everyone, and girls have few opportunities to influence decisions. Is there a rollback?

The life of a woman in Ancient Rus' Share this article

Today, women occupy a variety of government and public positions, run businesses. But it was not always so. However, even today there are countries where women cannot vote and even drive a car. In our review, there are interesting facts about feminism, about women's struggle for their rights and about the achievements of the representatives of the "weaker" sex.

1. The origin of feminism

The word "feminism" first appeared in the English language in the 1890s, even though women's struggles against gender discrimination were much older. The feminist movement is often divided into two main waves. The first wave began with the suffragette movement and the struggle for women's voting rights in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The second wave took place in the mid-1960s and late 1970s and began with debates about abortion and equal pay.

2. New Zealand is a country where women are respected

The first country to grant women the right to vote in the modern era was New Zealand in 1893.

3. First woman to run for President of the United States

Many people think that Hillary Clinton was the first woman to run for President of the United States, but that honor belongs to Victoria Woodhull, who ran for office in 1872. While women could not vote, there were no laws preventing them from running for president.

By the way, Wyoming was the first American state to give women the right to vote. It was also the first state to elect a female governor.

4. Three times prime

The first woman in the modern era to rule a country as an elected leader was Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Sri Lanka. She was elected prime minister in 1960 and re-elected in 1970.

5. Female drivers in Saudi Arabia

In Saudi Arabia, women are not allowed to drive. They are currently protesting against this law.

6. Women and Pulzer

The first woman to win a Pulitzer Prize was Edith Wharton in 1921. She received an award for the novel "The Age of Innocence".

7. Women at the head of state

Fifty-two countries have had a female head of state over the past fifty years, including England, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and Liberia. In the United States and in Russia, a woman has never been president.

8. Women and sports

The first woman to complete the Boston Marathon was Roberta Gibb in 1966. However, since women were not allowed to officially run the marathon until 1972, she did not receive the award.

9. Women and the army

In 1950, women made up less than two percent of the American military. Currently, they are about fifteen percent. About 50,000 women currently serve in the Russian army.

10 Underground Railroad Queen

In 1850, Harriet Tubman was the first woman to create an underground railroad to help slaves escape. Some scholars call her the "Queen of the Underground Railroad".

11. Sculptor provocateur targeted by feminists

In the UK in the late 1960s and early 1970s (during the second wave of feminism), sculptor Allen Jones became the target of feminist attacks for using mannequins of women as furniture in his series of sculptures. In his work, women were depicted in provocative poses and served as props for coffee tables and seats.

12. Egypt's first female ruler

Nefrusebek was an Egyptian who became pharaoh after the death of her brother, Amenemhat IV. She was the first female ruler of Egypt and the last ruler of the twelfth dynasty.

13. Jane Addams - the first winner of the Peace Prize

The first American woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize was Jane Addams in 1931. She was a social worker, social philosopher, sociologist, author of many works, and a leader in the field of women's suffrage and world peace.

14 Feminists And Birth Control

Many feminists consider the birth of the birth control pill in 1965 to be a pivotal moment in the history of feminism. It has helped millions of women around the world make their own choice between career and motherhood.

15. Women at the Olympics

In 1900, for the first time, women were allowed to participate in the modern Olympic Games in Paris. This year, Englishwoman Charlotte Cooper became the first woman to win gold in the Olympic Games (women's singles tennis tournament). However, more than two thousand years before Charlotte Cooper, Kyniska, the daughter of the Spartan king Archidamus II, became the first woman to be listed as a champion in the Olympic Games. Her teams won in 396 and 392 BC. e. in chariot races.

16. Woman lawyer

Valentina Tereshkova is the first female cosmonaut in the world.

The first woman to go into space was Valentina Tereshkova. The Soviet cosmonaut was selected from four hundred applicants for the role of the pilot of the Vostok-6 spacecraft in 1963. She completed forty-eight orbits around the Earth in three days.

19. Women and the Nobel Prize

The first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize was Marie Skłodowska-Curie, who received the prize in physics in 1903. She is also the only woman to win multiple Nobel Prizes (in 1911 in Chemistry).

Man is a strange creature. What are they worth.

From me.

Dear girls, I bring to your attention an article published in Maxim magazine last month. I put the title of the article in the title of the post.
Here, probably, you should put a trigger-warning or a disclaimer or something.
This article is about feminism from male magazine.
The article contains sexist jokes, devaluation, dividing women into right and wrong feminists, and much more just as beautiful.
But ... nevertheless, I see some kind of positive trend, perhaps, that in the men's glossy magazine they published an article in two spreads about feminism (!) And they didn’t even misrepresent what and how things are in general today.
There is a lot of text and pictures under the cut. Yours, as it is now fashionable to say, evening/Friday longread.
No matter how seditious it may sound, some things are even witty written. It’s just a pity that not very much has been said about feminism itself. Most of the article is the division of women into types according to the degree of feminism and pictures. Well, well.

Perhaps you have already met feminists in a nightmare, but did not understand what they are. Especially for you, we have divided all the women of the country according to the degree of emancipation. And we will even tell you which one will be easier (or harder) to live with.

Text: Ilya Kirdanov
Illustrations: Stepan Gilev

Most of us are wary of the word "feminist". We know that feminists urge women not to make up, not to shave their legs and not to try to please men, which cannot but upset. In addition, feminists protest against something all the time, including against things that we have a positive attitude towards. For example, to striptease. However, not everything in the feminist movement is so sad. On the contrary, some of their demands are ultimately quite reasonable and useful even from the point of view of men. We compiled a list of types of women according to the degree of feminism in their beliefs and found out that a lot of feminism is bad, but if there is too little feminism, it is also not good.

A bit of history

In the beginning there were suffragettes. Throughout the 19th century, they sought suffrage for women, and by the end of the First World War in most European countries, the civil, economic and political rights of men and women were generally equalized. Women have officially ceased to be considered socially inferior beings who need care like children and madmen. In addition, humanity has just begun to experiment with a variety of contraception, and women, freed from the need to give birth to 10-12 children (plus 3-4 miscarriages), really began to actively participate in production, science and politics.

Since the 60s of the XX century, the women's movement, called "feminism", has gained a second wind, which we will talk about now. Let's leave aside the countries of Islam and any other Africa that still lives according to its own calendar, and look at the so-called civilized world.

The civilized world, having experienced a boom in the birth rate and a sharp increase in population density, has been trying for half a century to solve an important problem - to send a housewife to engage in socially useful activities. Even in the States, a stronghold of feminism, one in four married women spend their lives polishing chests of drawers and carving faces on toast in children's breakfasts, while rarely having more than two children and actively using the services of the universal education system, including preschool. That is, a huge part of healthy people are, in fact, excluded from creative social work only due to the stereotype that a woman's place is in the house.

What did you fight for...

And then feminists came to the rescue. They joined the struggle to pull the ladies out of family nests, sincerely believing that they were fighting for the happiness of the oppressed half of humanity, against the inert government institutions. And these institutions couldn't wait for a better gift. Providing a woman with maternity leave at the expense of the taxpayer, allocating a place for a child in a kindergarten, and sending a mother to wave a pick in the name of gender justice - yes, this is a dream! And women do all this with themselves, instead of sitting at home sullenly clinging to their corsets and crinolines! The supply of labor in the market is increasing, and where only the husband used to work, now both spouses will plow. The efficiency of society increases many times over.

Another interesting aspect is sexuality. The centuries-old struggle of religious fanatics for women's morality was won by feminists with one spit. Those put pressure on women, and these began to put pressure on men. Prostitution began to be exterminated, planting clients. Pornography is being persecuted, fighting not in the name of patriarchal morality, but in protecting the female sex from sexual objectification. A girl's honor is protected by raising the age of consent (if today Poor Liza met with the seducer Erast, he would have to fight her off with the Criminal Code). Beauty contests have withstood religious fanatics, but surrender under the pressure of feminists: "Women's beauty is not a commodity!" Under the pretext of protecting women, they limited their right to receive preferences by flirting with their superiors. That is, a movement that was created to make women freer, today, in its extreme manifestations, has deprived them of many freedoms and traditional advantages. Well, lady, you yourself wanted it. We pay the bill in half.

7 types of women according to the degree of feminism

Using an imaginary scale of feminism, we can divide all women into seven types - according to their views on their position in society. And each of these types requires its own approach.

Patriarchal

DEGREE OF FEMINISM
0

A man is a king, a god and a master. Women's share - to obey and serve. Everything will be as you want (at least in words). The patriarchal willingly admits her weakness and inferiority in comparison with you, the crown of nature. She condemns women who are dissolute, educated, pursuing a career and generally defiling the bright image of a wife and mother with all extraneous activities. Round-the-clock cooking of borscht and darning of socks - this is the holy female destiny, and everything else is from the evil one. The one hundred percent patriarchal is a rare flower in our latitudes, it usually grows on soil well fertilized by traditional religions. A man who has chosen a patriarchal woman as his life partner should be strong, like a horse, stubborn, like a donkey, and energetic, like a fox terrier, because he will have to rely only on himself: a friend, ally and partner from a real patriarchal will not work. For initiative, enterprise and responsibility, from the point of view of the patriarchal, are vices that in the female sinful nature must be eradicated in every possible way, replacing them with modesty and obedience. Yes, and she will also have to take care of the children herself: she will spoil her sons, and she will shut up her daughters.

What kind of man does she need

A control-obsessed earner, protector and guardian. A person who is not only sure that his word in the family is law, but is also able to select these words so that they have at least some meaning. If you are ready to take full responsibility for everything that happens in your family and in the life of your wife; if you are convinced that money, food, clothing and other benefits of civilization are exclusively a husband’s problems, and a woman’s business is to modestly ride on your neck, waiting for what else you will entertain and pamper her today, then the patriarchal type is simply created for you.

Princess

DEGREE OF FEMINISM
1
PROSPECTS FOR A HAPPY LIFE WITH HER 1/5

Also a girl of extremely traditional views. In her system of values, a man is a giver of all kinds of benefits and a source of joy. To milk these joys out of greedy and stubborn men, bulldog jaws are required, with which real princesses, to put it mildly, are not deprived. No, she is by no means going to fight for equality with men - what kind of nonsense? Of course, men are much stronger, smarter and more talented in every way. And women are needed only for male pleasure - it goes without saying. You just have to pay for the pleasure. Girls with the views of a princess can be both frank kept women and completely virtuous wives and mothers. But there is only one denominator: a man must take care of a woman and provide for her. If he does it badly, he needs to be cut. If it does not help - kick. If even after kicks it does not improve, you need to look for another one. And what to do? This is the female cross. Unlike patriarchal women, princesses usually do not close themselves in the cozy world of their home, they continue their social life in marriage, as they constantly need male admiration, as well as a couple of candidates for your place, if you suddenly start to strike and act up.

What kind of man does she need

With a big wallet and bright prospects for the future. Well, also kind, generous and caring, ready to treat a woman like a charming child. There is a healthy grain of rationality here: the contract assumes that you take on all the material and most everyday problems, you feel like a breadwinner and earner, and in return you get sex, a pleasant society, a cozy home, children (underline as necessary).

Lady Sovieticus

DEGREE OF FEMINISM
2
PROSPECTS FOR A HAPPY LIFE WITH HER 4/5

Women of this type are found not only in the post-Soviet space, but it is here that their concentration has reached unprecedented heights. Initially, these ladies have quite traditional patriarchal views on the role of women in society, but they are forced to lead a completely different life. In the USSR, unmarried “parasites” could end up in prison, and husbands’ salaries were usually not enough for a family, so women had to work: lay sleepers, build rockets and beat out quotas in district committees. Often they achieved significant success in their field, but, returning home and taking off their overalls with a spacesuit, they tried to vibrate in unison with their dense ideas about what real female happiness is - bring dumplings to their beloved in an embroidered apron and all that. Because without a husband and children, they don’t see the point in life and quite sincerely sympathize with the star sunbathing in her Canarian villa, if the caption under the magazine photo indicates that the star is not yet married at 28 years old. As a result, ladies sovieticus literally plow themselves on two fronts - work and family, not forgetting to pluck their nails and varnish their eyebrows on the run. It is not surprising that, being in constant proximity to this fountain of energy, men often begin to feel like freeloaders. Securely protected from "non-male" work around the house, removed from raising children and being more accustomed than heads of the family, men let go of all the reins of government. Lady Sovieticus, formally recognizing for men some important sacred functions of the “man in the house”, always decide everything for themselves, including what underpants the “man” should wear this morning and how much money he can spend on beer with Tolyanych.

What kind of man does she need

Ladies of this type very often marry the first person they meet, who will make a marriage proposal: they have a very developed tenacious Soviet stereotype “There are not enough men for everyone, take what they give as soon as possible” (after a divorce, they marry the second person they meet with the same vigor). , and then for the third). But to maintain peace and tranquility in the family with her, the man who is distinguished by complaisance in everyday life, does not get into “women's affairs” and knows how to willingly and actively express complete satisfaction with what is happening, because it is frequent praises and compliments that are the main fuel for women of this type, without them, everything loses its meaning.

Balance

DEGREE OF FEMINISM
3
PROSPECTS FOR A HAPPY LIFE WITH HER 5/5

This girl believes that in the civilized world, men and women are already equal in everything, but at the same time she sees a bonus in belonging to the female sex. She understands that society often treats her condescendingly, and this condescension pleases her. She will try to get a good education and profession, she likes her independence, she can offer you to split the bill in a restaurant, but she will not mind a chair pulled up or a coat served. She is not looking for a provider and protector, so she often starts a relationship with a pretty peer of her age, not really embarrassed by the fact that in his pocket there are only money given out by her mother for a travel card. But then again, she will not be upset at all if you turn out to be a prince in disguise, ready to give her pearl necklaces and pay for bus excursions for two. If she has to deal with male rudeness or, even worse, violence, she does not blame the entire male gender for this, expressing claims to one particular scoundrel. She may find sexist jokes funny, as she has never truly felt oppressed or inferior.

What kind of man does she need

Favorite. She does not see you as a buyer of her beauty and youth, she is not pressured by the old stereotype “A single woman is a loser”, she is not afraid to be an old maid or a single mother, therefore, when choosing a life partner, she is guided by the criterion “I love him, so I want to be by his side." Of course, anything happens in life, but such a priority usually becomes a strong cement for the foundation of future relationships. But she is unlikely to tolerate increased control over herself - for those who like to command and dispose of this type is not suitable.

Selfmade

DEGREE OF FEMINISM
4
PROSPECTS FOR A HAPPY LIFE WITH HER 2/5

A strong and independent woman who has achieved a lot in life, has a good income and is often the boss. She relies only on herself, does not tolerate control, especially on the part of a man, therefore she often takes up completely fluffy and obedient something that is ready to wear slippers for her, but is no longer fit for anything. In this ideal tandem for her, she feels infinitely comfortable, and she usually has enough intelligence so that the husband attached to her has his quiet pleasures in the form of pocket money, a quiet life, affectionate treatment and smart horse boots. No matter how comical a couple they look from the outside, one must understand that there is an agreement that suits both parties as much as possible. Men of a different type feel much less happy in her society: she will mechanically destroy their independence and self-respect. If she comes across a tough nut, equal in character and capabilities, then both will soon be sad. With all this, self-made is indifferent to ideological feminism, since this issue is monstrously far from it. On the contrary, she can often play the games "You are a man - you decide" and "Pity me, poor and helpless." And listening to stories about oppressed women and women who are victims of violence, she deep down considers most of the victims spineless fools who do not know how to deal with their problems.

What kind of man does she need

Submissive, in everything agreeing with her opinion and able to demonstrate deep admiration for her beauty, intelligence and talents.

Feminist

DEGREE OF FEMINISM
5
PROSPECTS FOR A HAPPY LIFE WITH HER 3/5

This girl sincerely believes that women are the weak and oppressed sex, the white slaves of male masters, and it's time to make a revolution. She communicates with like-minded women, collecting a collection of evidence of the injustices of this world, and considers any man as a potential aggressor and adversary until he proves otherwise. The global community of feminists is quite large and influential, so that in many countries they have already begun to massively stamp laws at their request. Some of these laws are quite reasonable (for example, raising the marriage age, eliminating gender segregation, helping victims of violence, women's reproductive freedom), and some are bewildering (for example, requirements for gender-politically correct turns in documents and the media, a ban on chauvinistic literature like "Snow White" in schools* and such nonsense). In general, communicating with a feminist is a rather tedious undertaking, since it is very easy to offend her with any random phrase that can be seen as male sexism, although you did not mean anything like that. On the other hand, most feminists aim for an equal partnership with a man, they will not consider you as a big wallet on uninteresting legs. Subject to the coincidence of views and characters, living together with a feminist can be quite happy.

What kind of man does she need

Ready at least in words to support her feminist views, and also not disgusted by the household, because from now on his lot is cleaning and cooking strictly in turn. In addition, you will have to watch your speeches very carefully, as real feminists are traditionally touchy and can see sexism even in Rorschach spots and phrases like “What a long Indian summer this year!”.

- Note Phacochoerus "a Funtik:
“The image of a girl cleaning a pigsty after seven ugly men and singing joyful songs about this, as you yourself understand, has never been close to the heart of a feminist”

Radfem

DEGREE OF FEMINISM
6
PROSPECTS FOR A HAPPY LIFE WITH HER 0/5

And this is what you should stay away from. However, you will most likely not be allowed to. Radical feminists are women who sincerely and ardently dislike men, even if they claim otherwise. There are many lesbians among them, but there are also traditionally oriented ones - however, they do not become more generous towards us from this. If the ordinary feminist demands gender equality, then the radical feminists insist that the male gender must be severely disenfranchised - on the grounds that we have oppressed women for thousands of years and still keep them in the position of servants. And the situation can be corrected only by introducing severe restrictions for men and huge privileges for women. Few women in large corporations? Introduce a law prohibiting corporations from having less than 40% of female directors in the state *. Are girls reluctant to become programmers? Accept applicants without exams. Interestingly, many of the requirements of radfems almost coincide with those of the most patriarchal and religious societies. Both of them are categorically against prostitution (however, Radfem demand that only clients of prostitutes be imprisoned - as people who "raped women with the help of economic levers"). Both believe that men should be banned from being gynecologists and, say, mammologists. Both believe that women should not walk in miniskirts and high heels, as this excites strangers (Radfem interpretation: this image imposed by society makes women spoil their health by moving around in uncomfortable clothes and unsafe shoes). Both hate MAXIM (“exploits female sexuality for financial gain”). And the thought periodically expressed on their forums seems to be not such a joke - that in an ideal society all men will be castrated in adolescence, after taking the seed material from them, and then sending them to reservations. Before you resent, think about the fact that radfems exist in hell, where they are surrounded by rapists-slave owners, where society despises women, where a future sex maniac is ripening in every little kid playing in the sandbox. Their world is cruel and unfair to them, and they pay it back in kind.

What kind of man does she need

Masochist with suicidal tendencies. Do not forget that some radical feminists strongly support the ideas of androcide - the total destruction of men on the planet.

* - Note Phacochoerus "a Funtik:
“No, this is not fantasy. In 2008, Norway, for example, introduced a law requiring that a minimum of 40% of women be on the board of every joint-stock company. Otherwise, the company will be closed"

Femfacts

78% of all property and all money in the world belongs to men. Of the 100 richest people in the world, only eight are women.

According to the International Business Report, the country with the largest number of women in leadership positions is Russia. 46% of all leadership positions here are occupied by ladies. True, the higher the chair, the lower this percentage.

For every 14 women killed by men, only one man is killed by a woman.

Women commit 10 times less crime than men. The only type of crime that women commit more than men is shoplifting: 75%.

Only in 6 countries women are still deprived of the right to vote. These are Bahrain, Brunei, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia.

Feminist language
It is customary for Russian-speaking feminists to indicate the gender of a person in the name of his profession, occupation. Even in cases where the Russian language is not designed for this. This is how “authors, administrators, accountants, directors, plumbers and doctorines” are born. Femcommunity plans to spread this practice and make it obligatory for official documents.