What is meant by the microclimate of a children's institution. Child psychology: a favorable microclimate in kindergarten

The main premises of the kindergarten - group rooms - in their size should provide for the needs of children in movement and clean air. If one child has 4 m 2 of area, and the height of the room is 3.2 m, then the cubic capacity of air for each child will be about 8 m3, which corresponds to basic sanitary standards.

Windows in group rooms are designed to the east, southeast and south. In each group room, bedroom, as well as in the hall, at least 50% of the windows are equipped with transoms or vents. In the warm season they are kept open, in winter they are not sealed in order to be able to ventilate the room 3-4 times a day. The duration of ventilation depends on the temperature difference between the outside air and the air in the room. Full air exchange is especially important in those rooms where the area of group rooms is less than 50 m2 or the ceiling height is less than 3 m.

The hoods of the central ventilation duct, which also provide air exchange, must be kept in good condition, systematically cleaned of dust and in no case sealed.

It is very important to maintain a constant temperature regime in the premises, avoiding sharp fluctuations in air temperature. The optimum temperature for a group room is 19--21°C, for a hall - 18°C, toilets - 20--22°C, a pool - 29°C (the temperature is measured at the height of children, and in the rooms of the first floors - on the floor).

Central heating radiators must be enclosed. The fence should be easy to remove when cleaning, not delay heat radiation, and not have sharp corners.

The use of temporary or portable heating devices in children's institutions is strictly prohibited.

No less important for the health of children than clean air is sunlight: it has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, on strengthening growth, on improving blood composition and metabolism. Under its influence, children improve their well-being, appetite, and sleep.

Good natural light is achieved primarily through a sufficient number of windows. It is considered normal if the area of the glazed surface of the windows is 1/5-1/6 of the floor area (light factor 1:5 or 1:6). This means that with an area of a group room of 50 m2, the area of \u200b\u200ball windows should be equal to 8-10 m2.

It is necessary to constantly monitor the cleanliness of window panes; they should be wiped at least once a week (in winter from the inside, and in the warm season - from the inside and outside). Dirty glasses block 40--70% of light rays.

In a group room, curtains blocking window panes, especially their upper part, are unacceptable, since in this case the normal illumination of the room is disturbed, especially in that part of the room that is far from the windows. If necessary (in case of too bright sunlight, in the evening), the windows are closed with light, freely moving curtains made of light cotton fabric on rings. It is not recommended to put tall plants on the windowsills, stick applications on the glass. Under these conditions, you can achieve the best natural light in the rooms. Artificial lighting has a great impact on children's vision. It must meet hygienic standards. In group rooms, the standard of artificial lighting is 100 lux with incandescent lamps and 200 lux with fluorescent lighting. In other words, in the group rooms of preschool children there should be 8 lamps with lamps of 200 watts each, and in the group rooms of young children - 6 lamps of 200 watts.

For kindergarten, lamps such as SK-300 "Electrosvet" or Yablochkova, KSO-1, SOD (diffuse school lighting) are recommended. Do not use lucettas open from below and lamps that are not protected by fittings, as they lead to eye fatigue. In extreme cases, in the absence of the necessary fittings, ordinary electric lamps are replaced with frosted ones (but frosted balls with a diameter of 250 mm are also not suitable, since the dimensions of 200 and 300 watt lamps do not correspond to their sizes).

Fluorescent lamps are placed in two rows along the entire length of the room or in the form of the letter P, which allows you to create uniform lighting. It is possible to maintain constant lighting only if each burned-out lamp is replaced in a timely manner by a lamp of the same power.

Plug sockets and switches are located at a distance of 1.8 m from the floor, not lower.

Of great importance for the normal lighting of rooms is the color of walls, ceilings and furniture. The illumination of the room is the higher, the more light rays are reflected from the walls and ceilings. A white wall reflects 60% of the light rays falling on it, light yellow - up to 40%, blue and blue - 25%, brown - 13%, black - only 1 - 2%. Therefore, the interior painting of walls, ceilings and furniture should be kept in light colors.

The optimal parameters of the microclimate (temperature and relative humidity of the air), the content of harmful substances in the indoor air in quantities below the maximum permissible concentrations provide safe conditions for the health of children in educational institutions of any type.

Low temperatures, drafts in rooms provoke colds in children. An increase in temperature, the presence of harmful substances in indoor air, including elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide, can cause a decrease in performance, contribute to the development of chronic fatigue syndrome with prolonged exposure, which affects not only academic performance, but also the state of health in general.

Currently, in schools, preschool institutions, when carrying out major repairs, it is mandatory, selectively - during current repairs, old windows with wooden frames are being replaced with modern hermetic structures.

At the same time, the requirements of sanitary norms and rules for ensuring optimal parameters of the microclimate and air environment in rooms for the stay of children and adolescents are not always taken into account.

After replacing windows in the premises, the air temperature may exceed the normalized values (in playrooms in preschool organizations not lower than 21ºС, in bedrooms not lower than 19 ºС; in classrooms of schools 18-24ºС, in the gym, workshops 17-20ºС).

To control the temperature regime, group rooms in preschools, classrooms and classrooms in schools should be equipped with household thermometers hung on the inner wall of the room at the level of children's breathing.

Ventilation of the premises is a mandatory factor to maintain the microclimate parameters at the proper level. All premises of educational institutions must be ventilated daily.

AT preschool organizations through ventilation is carried out for at least 10 minutes every 1.5 hours. In group rooms and bedrooms in all climatic regions, except for IA, IB, IG climatic subregions, natural through or corner ventilation should be provided. Airing through the toilet rooms is not allowed.

In the presence of children, wide one-sided aeration of all rooms is allowed in the warm season. Airing is carried out in the absence of children and ends 30 minutes before their arrival from a walk or class.

During ventilation, a short-term decrease in the air temperature in the room is allowed, but not more than by 2 - 4 C. In the bedrooms, through ventilation is carried out before daytime sleep.

When airing during sleep transoms, the windows open on one side and close 30 minutes before the rise.

In the cold season, transoms, vents are closed 10 minutes before the children go to bed.
In the warm season, sleep (day and night) is organized with open windows (avoiding drafts).

Study rooms in educational institutions are ventilated during breaks, and recreational - during lessons. Before the start of classes and after their completion, it is necessary to carry out through ventilation of the classrooms. The duration of through ventilation is determined by weather conditions, wind direction and speed, and the efficiency of the heating system.

Outside temperature, °C	Duration of room ventilation, min.
Outside temperature, °C	in small change	during big breaks and between shifts
+10 to +6	4-10	25-35
+5 to 0	3-7	20-30
0 to -5	2-5	15-25
-5 to -10	1-3	10-15
Below -10	1-1,5

Physical education lessons and sports sections should be held in well-aerated sports halls.

It is necessary during classes in the hall to open one or two windows on the leeward side at an outdoor temperature above plus 5 ° C and a wind speed of no more than 2 m / s.
At a lower temperature and a higher speed of air movement, classes in the hall are carried out with one to three transoms open. When the outside temperature is below minus 10°C and the air speed is more than 7 m/s, through ventilation of the hall is carried out in the absence of students for 1-1.5 minutes; during big breaks and between shifts - 5-10 minutes.
When the air temperature reaches plus 14°C, airing in the gym should be stopped.

Transoms and vents should function at any time of the year. To organize ventilation, windows must be equipped with folding transoms with lever devices or vents. The area of transoms and vents used for ventilation should be at least 1/50 of the floor area of the room.

The control of devices for opening should be accessible, not requiring additional structures (stools, ladders) to prevent injuries.

The window opening plane should provide an effective ventilation mode, directing the flow of outside air to the upper part of the room - to the subceiling space, where warm indoor air is concentrated, which leads to the distribution of temperatures and the formation of normal air exchange in the room.

Heaters should be equipped with guards made of materials that are harmless to health. Fences made of particle boards and other polymeric materials cannot be used. Also, portable heaters and heaters with infrared radiation are not allowed to be used.

In addition, the design of the fences must ensure the movement of air, the fences must be removable for wet cleaning of heaters and window sills, and the fastening must be safe.

Thus, observing simple rules for maintaining an optimal microclimate in the main premises for the stay of children and adolescents in educational institutions, thereby non-specific preventive measures are taken during the epidemic rise in the incidence of acute respiratory infections and influenza.

It seemed that just yesterday the baby was taken from the hospital, and today he already needs to be taken to kindergarten. “How is he there? Do they offend him? Did you eat or stay hungry? Did you get into a draft? - such disturbing thoughts haunt his mom and dad all day.

Of course, every parent wants their child to return from kindergarten cheerful, well-fed and, of course, healthy. But if high-quality nutrition and leisure depend on the conscientiousness and professionalism of the staff of an educational institution, then the child’s health is not least affected by the kindergarten building itself - how well it can maintain a favorable microclimate.

Microclimate for kids

In his book “Health of the Child”, the well-known pediatrician Yevgeny Komarovsky assures that in children the passion for invented images and events is sometimes so strong that they may simply not notice the current changes around them and continue to play calmly even at a body temperature of 39 ° C. And about such trifles as drafts or coolness in the room, children do not even think about it. This means that the designers and builders of kindergartens should take care of the elimination of such potentially dangerous factors in a timely manner, based on the developed sanitary and hygienic standards.

In particular, SanPiN 2.4.1.3049-13, which has recently come into force, regulates all issues of arranging kindergartens: fire safety, layout and ergonomics of premises, lighting levels and much more - up to the location of bedrooms and playrooms relative to cardinal points and even the dimensions of children's furniture .

But special attention in the regulations is paid to the microclimate. For example, it is indicated that the relative humidity of the air in rooms with children should be in the range of 40-60%. Dryer air dries the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, thereby reducing their ability to resist pathogenic bacteria transmitted by airborne droplets. If the humidity is above normal, then dampness creates ideal conditions for the appearance of mold, which is fraught with severe allergies in children.

As for the temperature regime, it is regulated even more strictly. Playrooms should not be colder than +21°C, and in bedrooms - no colder than +19°C. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure a constant supply of fresh, but warm air to all rooms: it must be completely updated every 20-30 minutes!

During mandatory hourly ventilation, a short-term decrease in the air temperature in the room is allowed, but not more than 2-4 ° C. And cross-ventilation itself in winter must be carried out in the absence of children. In the warm season, daytime or nighttime sleep of babies is allowed with open windows, but again with a prerequisite - without drafts.

There is no need to explain how dangerous drafts are for the health of overheated, sweaty children who are keen on active games. Even a slight movement of cold air can lead to a sharp cooling of the body and increase susceptibility to any pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
“Drafts dangerous for children's health can occur even with tightly closed windows,” says Olga Loginova, Marketing Director of CAPAROL, an expert in the field of protection and thermal insulation of building facades. - If the external walls are poorly insulated, then their surfaces facing the room in winter can be several degrees colder than the room air. This is enough to make the floor, on which children so love to play, feel cold, and there is a so-called “convective draft” - a sure way to get a cold.

Old single-glazed windows also cause many problems. Leaky closing sashes are not able to prevent blowing through, and the glass surface facing the room in winter can cool down to negative temperatures even with sufficient heating power. Then frost forms on the glass, and the “convective draft” fully manifests itself.

“High heat-saving characteristics of any enclosing structures - walls, roofs, windows are especially important for kindergartens,” adds Pavel Abaturov, commercial director of the Ural branch of PROPLEX, the first Russian developer and largest manufacturer of PVC window systems using Austrian technologies. - Therefore, designers prefer to play it safe and use energy-saving plastic windows with an installation depth of at least 70 mm and a double-glazed window up to 42 mm thick. In terms of heat saving, such a window is similar to a brick wall half a meter thick.”

It is worth mentioning that modern windows with hermetic double-glazed windows and a dense rebate of the shutters, which excludes the occurrence of drafts, do a good job of protecting against street noise. And this is extremely important for healthy sleep for babies. According to construction requirements, the noise level in the bedrooms of kindergartens should not exceed 40 dB.

Behind the Kindergarten

Traditionally in our country, kindergartens were built of brick or reinforced concrete structures. In Soviet times, the necessary thermal protection of external walls was achieved almost exclusively by increasing their thickness. But with the introduction of much more stringent requirements for resistance to heat transfer in SNiP 23-02-2003, the use of highly efficient heat-insulating materials was required. Usually, expanded polystyrene or mineral wool is used for this, which, in comparison with other heaters, have the best performance. For example, in the climatic zone of the Moscow region, only 120 mm of expanded polystyrene or 130 mm of mineral wool will be required to provide thermal protection at the level of the most modern building requirements.

“Heat-insulating material can only retain the maximum amount of heat and provide a favorable microclimate in the building if it is placed on the outside of the wall and is reliably protected from adverse weather phenomena. Composite systems for facade insulation with external plaster layers are built on this principle, - says Pavel Shmelev, architect of the Moscow architectural studio "Version". - From the point of view of designers, this is the best type of decoration for any children's institutions, whether kindergartens, schools or clinics. After all, a modern plaster facade combines high energy efficiency, durability and wide design possibilities.”

Plaster systems are used not only for new children's institutions. They are also great for the reconstruction of old kindergartens built in 1950-70s. This measure, affordable for municipal budgets, reduces the heat loss of the building by 40-50% at once, which has a positive effect not only on the microclimate of the premises, but also on the cost of heating the building.

Given the irrepressible energy of the kids, their active games while walking in the fresh air, it is logical to protect the facade of the kindergarten from possible damage. Denis Melnik, commercial director of the Igandika company, which sells a wide range of materials for facade and interior decoration in Russia, believes that in such cases it is appropriate to use plaster compositions with the addition of carbon fibers, which give the insulation systems outstanding strength and elasticity. To illustrate what loads a carbon facade can withstand, he gives an example from his practice:

“We used carbon-based plasters in a building with heavy wheelchair use. Previously, from the blows of the wheels, the plaster became unusable in a matter of weeks. But in the year that has passed since the plastering of the walls with the CAPATECT (Caparol) system, not a single trace of collisions appeared on them.

“In Germany, plasters containing carbon fibers have passed a rigorous survival test in active sports conditions,” adds Roman Ryazantsev, project manager at CAPAROL. - They were tested according to the German standard DIN 18032. It is believed that if the plaster withstands 12 hits with a hockey puck at a speed of 18.0 m/s and 54 hits with a handball at a speed of 23.5 m/s, then it can be safely used in buildings where children are playing."

Children need beauty

The architect Natalya Popova in her work “Color in the interior of kindergartens” outlined the influence of color on kids in this way: “The color scheme of the interiors of preschool institutions actively affects the child. It either positively affects his development, well-being, including psychological; or becomes an obstacle that prevents the child from showing a creative individuality, can even adversely affect the learning process.
Many experts agree with this point of view.

The famous Spanish architect Alejandro Munoz Miranda, relying on the tips of reputable child psychologists, designed the Rainbow Colored Kindagarten kindergarten in the city of Grenada, where windows of various colors are inserted. The kindergarten Kekec in Ljubljana was built using the same principles – all the blinds on the windows in the building are painted with bright colors. It is believed that the more positive emotions a child receives in a bright environment, the more optimistic his position in life will be in the future.

There are also interesting projects in Russia that embody the ideas of a kindergarten that takes care of both the physical and psychological well-being of the child at the same time.

So, in Yekaterinburg, in the Akademichesky district, a modern kindergarten with a CAPATECT (Caparol) stucco facade painted in bright sunny colors was put into operation. And in the Moscow district of Yuzhnoye Chertanovo, the Zvyozdochka kindergarten, built on an individual project, was opened, which has not only a colorful, but also a very original facade.

“To ensure a favorable microclimate, we used the CAPATECT (Caparol) plaster insulation system for the exterior of the building. The walls of the kindergarten were decorated with unusual geometric shapes. It was decided to revive them with durable CAPAROL facade paints, which have the ability to self-clean from dirt and soot and do not fade for many years, - says Sergey Ivannikov, the chief architect of this project. – In addition, special lighting conditions have been created in the garden thanks to large windows of a non-standard shape. As a result, the abundance of sun in the playrooms and bedrooms has a positive effect on the mood of children.”

Modern technologies for arranging facades make it possible to make preschool educational institutions warm in the most severe winters, comfortable in any weather and bright even on a gloomy day. Children will be happy to attend such kindergartens, and the likelihood of getting sick in them will be disproportionately less than in gray and cold buildings.

CAPAROL press service

CREATING A POSITIVE MICROCLIMATE IN THE KINDERGARTEN GROUP

In communication between children, it is increasingly necessary to observe the manifestation of such qualities as cruelty, unwillingness and inability to help a peer, sympathize, rejoice with him, inability to yield. Children show intolerance to the individual characteristics of each other.

Therefore, important tasks in the work of a teacher are the formation of humane interpersonal relations between preschoolers and the establishment of a positive microclimate in the group. After all, it is here that children spend most of their time, and peers in the group are their main social circle.

In this regard, each new academic year should begin with a diagnosis of the interpersonal relations of children in the group in order to determine what position each child occupies in it, how comfortable he is in the group, whether his need for communication with peers is satisfied. For this, observations and sociometric research are carried out. Based on the data obtained, further correctional and developmental work on this problem is planned.

To solve the problems of social and communicative development of preschoolers, it is necessary to apply some effective methods and techniques.

For example, "Co-ver of the world", which is a sun with a dove embroidered on a piece of fabric (1.5 x 1.5 m), where the yellow circle is a symbol of kindness, warmth, unity, integrity; rays - the names of each child of the group (they are embroidered with threads of different colors in order to draw the children's attention to the fact that "we are all different, but we are together", and we must be more attentive and tolerant of the manifestation of the individual characteristics of each child); the white dove is a symbol of world peace.

The carpet is constantly in the play area, and as necessary, children can take it, lay it out, sit on it (each near their own name) and discuss the problems that have arisen, quarrels on the carpet (someone did not give up the toy, someone not accepted into the game, etc.). Then the children reconcile, saying "mirilki".

Such a "carpet of peace" allows children to resolve conflict situations through negotiations and conversations. Its very presence encourages the guys to abandon fights, disputes, replacing them with a discussion with each other of the problems that have arisen.

A lucky find might be to create "Corner on-buildings" to track the causes of bad mood in children and its further correction. To do this, full-length photographs of all the children in the group are pasted on a magnetic board in the dressing room. Each child has a thread in his hands, to which a balloon cut out of paper is attached (three balls on magnets are prepared for each child. The color of the ball can be changed depending on the mood: red - good mood; green - calm, even ; blue - bad mood). Coming to the kindergarten in the morning, the children mark their mood (they attach a ball of the corresponding color to their photo). During the day, if the child's mood changes, then the color of the ball on the board also changes.

At the beginning of this work, the children are focused only on the color of their balloon, on their condition. But when conducting systematic conversations, analyzing the mood of children, studying facial manifestations, providing support and sympathy from the educator and children to each other, preschoolers themselves pay attention to the mood of other children (“Why are you so sad? ", "Are you in a bad mood?") and try to help their peers ("You hung up a blue ball. Why are you in a bad mood?", "What happened? Let's play together").

It is very important to create a positive attitude in the group and make it as cohesive as possible. For this purpose, together with children, you can choose emblem and motto groups.

Every morning in the group you can start with a greeting "The minute of entry into day". "Morning of Joyful Meetings"(every Monday after the weekend, when the children gather, a conversation is held: who did what on the weekend, where were they, are they happy to see each other again). The whole group greets a peer after an illness, the children tell what events happened in the kindergarten in his absence.

In addition, it is advisable to hold specially organized events aimed at uniting children. These can be collective works that create problem situations and require their solution (you can give the task to color your drawings the same way, while having two different pencils for two).

For the formation of humane interpersonal relations, acceptance of each other, development of empathy, tolerance of children towards each other, you can use various games and game exercises, including those from the E.O. Smirnova, V.M. Kholmogorova. The organization of these games does not require any special conditions.

It is necessary to regularly conduct classes and ethical conversations on the topics “We are all different”, “We are close”, “I learned it myself - teach a friend”, “What does a true friend mean?”, “I am learning to forgive”, etc.

Every Friday you can sum up the results of good deeds: "Casket of good deeds" - for each good deed, the children put a red token in it, for every bad deed, a blue one. Thus, they determine the number of good and evil deeds and reflect on why this happened. It is the general analysis of actions that unites children and makes each child think about his actions and his "contribution" to the common good deeds of the whole group.

Together with the children, you can draw up group rules "What can and cannot be done":

Share with a friend, Play in such a way that you do not always try to take the best for yourself.
Help a friend. If you know how to do something yourself - teach him. If a friend is in trouble, help him in any way you can.
Stop a friend if he does something bad. If a friend is wrong, tell him about it.
Do not quarrel, do not argue over trifles. Play together.
Don't be arrogant if you do something better than others.
Do not envy - rejoice in the successes and successes of a comrade with him.
If you did wrong, ask for forgiveness and admit your mistake.
Know how to calmly accept help, advice and comments from other guys. Do not tell the tale, but try to solve the problem on your own with a friend, be able to negotiate.
Be attentive to the emotional state of a friend, try to give him support in time.
In the game, follow the rules, try to win fairly. Do not laugh at a friend if he is in trouble.

And, of course, in this work one cannot do without interaction with parents. Individual conversations, parent-teacher meetings, joint leisure activities, workshops are held with them. Such a system of work on this problem gives good results, promotes the development of mutual assistance, social feelings, and the formation of a positive attitude of children towards each other. Often, preschoolers strive, but do not know how to make contact, choose appropriate ways of communicating with peers, show a polite, friendly attitude towards them, and listen to a partner. The lack of a positive experience of communication leads to the spontaneous emergence of negative forms of behavior, to conflicts. Our task, together with parents, is to help children acquire this experience, which will be useful to them in later life.

The friendly smile of the educator, nodding or shaking his head, look, facial expressions, joint tasks difficult for the child, listening, sympathy, approval, support, laughter at the jokes of the child, the creation of a general positive micro-climate in the group - all this affects the development of children social and emotional intelligence.

Based on the materials of the "Handbook of the senior teacher of a preschool institution" No. 4, 2009

Ventilation regime and ventilation rules for preschool institutions. Air pollution , together with the violation of the natural physical composition, makes the air environment around us extremely unfavorable for life, which, according to the latest scientific data, forces the human body to spend 80% of its internal resources only on ensuring the possibility of existence in it.

That is, the human body spends almost all of its internal forces only on ensuring our vital activity, leaving almost no resources to maintain the normal functioning of its organs, to reproduce the spent funds of the immune system, and therefore to fight against infectious and chronic diseases, for a full and quick recovery. functionality of the organism as a whole.

Premises with permanent residence of children (groups, playrooms, bedrooms, rooms for music and physical education, etc.) should be provided with clean fresh air. Windows in group rooms are designed to the east, southeast and south. In each group room, bedroom, as well as in the hall, at least 50% of the windows are equipped with transoms or vents. In the warm season, they are kept open, in winter they are not sealed in order to be able to ventilate the room 3-4 times a day.

through ventilation spend at least 10 minutes every 1.5 hours. Airing is carried out in the absence of children and ends 30 minutes before their arrival from a walk or class. When airing, a short-term decrease in the air temperature in the room is allowed, but not more than 2–4 ° (taking into account age, children).

Wide one-sided aeration all rooms in the warm season is allowed in the presence of children. Airing through the toilet rooms is not allowed.

Hygienic requirements for heating and heating appliances. It is very important to maintain a constant temperature regime in the premises, avoiding sharp fluctuations in air temperature. Optimum temperature for a group room - 19-21°С, for the hall - 18°С, toilets - 20-22°С, pool - 29°С. In corner rooms, the air temperature should be 2°C higher.

As heating devices can be used: central heating radiators, tubular heating elements embedded in concrete panels.

38. Cardiovascular disorders in children, causes, symptoms and prevention

The most common heart diseases at an early age are congenital malformations and myocarditis. In older children, rheumatism occupies a significant place among them, often also leading to heart defects.

congenital heart defects are formed in the early stages of embryo development (at 2–8 weeks of gestation) and depend on anatomical disorders in the structure of the heart, large vessels and valvular apparatus of the heart. The detection of congenital heart defects usually occurs immediately after birth, a small part of them are spontaneously compensated in the first weeks or months of life.

The reasons: exogenous effects on organogenesis mainly in the first trimester of pregnancy (rubella, maternal alcoholism, the use of certain drugs, exposure to ionizing radiation, etc.).

Symptoms are very diverse and are determined by the characteristics of the defect, the degree of compensation and the resulting complications. Most often, children are characterized by small stature, physical weakness, often they develop pallor of the skin or their cyanosis (cyanosis). Chronic oxygen deficiency leads to a change in the nail phalanges in the form of drumsticks.

Myocarditis - inflammation of the heart muscle - most often develops with infectious diseases.

The reasons: damage to the heart muscle (most often by viruses), exposure to toxins (with diphtheria), pathological immune reactions (with rheumatism).

Symptoms may be violent: shortness of breath, palpitations, chest pain, fever (or repeated increase against the background of the current disease); but they can also be subtle: lethargy, pallor of the skin, “shadows” under the eyes, blue around the mouth, avoidance of physical activity, shortness of breath on exertion, “inexplicable” fever.

Prevention: timely treatment of infectious diseases.

Without timely and complete treatment, myocarditis leads to significant changes in the heart muscle.

Rheumatism - a chronic disease with a primary lesion of the heart and blood vessels and frequent damage to the joints.

The reasons. The causative agent of rheumatism is streptococcus. It has been established that for the occurrence of the disease, not only the presence of streptococcus in a child is important, but also a special condition, hypersensitivity (allergy) in relation to the microbe.

Symptoms. Rheumatism develops gradually and at first does not give any bright and characteristic symptoms. The child becomes lethargic, his appetite decreases, headaches, pain in the abdomen, increased fatigue, the temperature may rise, but slightly (37-37.5 ° C). The child’s condition sometimes improves, sometimes worsens, but even with visible health, the disease does not stop, but slowly and imperceptibly continues to develop, affecting primarily the heart muscle (myocarditis), and sometimes the valve apparatus.

Fainting - a mild form of vascular insufficiency due to cerebral hypoxia.

Etiology: overwork, fear, pain, negative emotions, a sudden change in body position, prolonged standing, malnutrition, prolonged stay in a stuffy room, intoxication and infectious diseases, etc.

Symptoms. Fainting is preceded by weakness, nausea, tinnitus, dizziness, numbness of the extremities, darkening of the eyes, yawning, sweating. Unconsciousness most often occurs in the upright position of the patient. He slowly sinks to the ground, his face turns pale, the pupils dilate, the skin is moist. Pulse of weak filling, arterial pressure is lowered, breathing is rare, superficial. Loss of consciousness usually lasts up to 30 seconds, sometimes a little more. Within a few minutes after fainting, the patient experiences general weakness, dizziness, fatigue, anxiety.