Energy costs, energy balance. Determination of daily energy consumption What does daily energy consumption consist of?

To provide a person with food that corresponds to his energy expenditure and plastic processes, it is necessary to determine the daily energy expenditure. The unit of measurement of human energy expenditure is taken to be a non-systemic unit of heat quantity - calorie (1 cal = 4.1868 J).

During the day, a person spends energy on the work of internal organs (heart, digestive system, lungs, liver, kidneys, etc.), heat exchange and performing activities such as work, study, housework, walking, rest, etc. The energy spent on the work of internal organs and heat exchange is called basic exchange. At an air temperature of 20 °C, complete rest, on an empty stomach, the basic metabolism is 1 kcal and 1 hour per 1 kg of human body weight. Consequently, basal metabolism depends on body weight, as well as the sex and age of a person (Table 3.1).

To determine a person’s daily energy expenditure, it was introduced physical activity ratio(CFA) is the ratio of total energy expenditure on all types of human activity with the value of basal metabolism.

The coefficient of physical activity is the main physiological criterion for assigning the population to a particular labor group depending on the intensity of work, i.e. from energy consumption, developed by the Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1991.

A total of 5 labor groups have been defined for men and 4 for women. Each work group corresponds to a certain coefficient of physical activity (Table 3.2).

For calculation daily energy expenditure the required basal metabolic rate (corresponding to the age and body weight of the person)

Table 3.1

Table of basal metabolic rate of the adult population depending on weight

body, age and gender*

Men (basal metabolic rate), kcal	Women (basal metabolic rate), kcal
Body weight, kg	18...29 years old	30...39 years	40...59 years	60...74 years	Body weight, kg	18...29 years old	30...39 years	40...59 years	60...74 years
				1 180
			1 350			1 150	1 120
		1 500		1 300			1 190	1 160	1 100
				1 360		1 300	1 260	1 220	1 160
						1 380	1 340
		1 720
			1 700	1 570		1 530
			1 780					1 510
									1 500

* Data developed by the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences and approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor on May 8, 1991, No. 5786 - 91.

century) multiplied by the physical activity coefficient (PAI) of a certain population group.

Group I - workers predominantly in mental labor,
very light physical activity, CFA - 1.4: scientific works
nicks, students of humanities, computer operators,
controllers, teachers, dispatchers, control panel workers
nia, medical workers, accounting workers, secretaries, etc. Daily
energy consumption V depending on gender and age is
1800...2450 kcal.

Group II - workers engaged in light work, light physical activity
ical activity, CFA - 1.6: transport drivers, workers
conveyors, weighers, packers, garment workers, workers

Table 3.2 Correspondence of the physical activity coefficient to labor groups

Men	Women
Labor group	KFA	Labor group	KFA
I	1,4	I	1,4
II	1,6	II	1,6
III	1,9	III	1,9
IV	2,2	IV	2,2
V	2,5	V	-

radio electronic industry, agronomists, nurses, orderlies, workers communications, service industries, industrial sellers Govars etc. Daily energy consumption depending on gender and age is 2,100...2,800 kcal.

III group - workers of average labor, average physical
technical activity, KFA - 1.9: mechanics, adjusters, tuners
ki, machine operators, drillers, drivers of excavators, bulldozers,
coal miners, buses, surgeons, textile workers,
shoemakers, railway workers, food sellers, water workers,
apparatchiks, metallurgists, blast furnace workers, chemical plant workers,
catering workers, etc. Daily energy consumption
gii depending on gender and age is 2,500... 3,300 kcal.

IV group - workers of heavy physical labor, high
physical activity, CFA - 2.2: construction workers, by
drillers, miners, cotton growers, agricultural workers
and machine operators, milkmaids, vegetable growers, woodworkers, metal workers
lurgi, foundry workers, etc. Daily energy consumption depending
depending on gender and age is 2,850... 3,850 kcal.

Group V - workers of particularly heavy physical labor, very
high physical activity, KFA - 2.5: machine operators and agricultural workers
household workers during sowing and harvesting periods, miners, val
scaffolders, concrete workers, masons, diggers, loaders
mechanized labor, reindeer herders, etc. Daily energy consumption
gii depending on gender and age is 3,750...4,200 kcal.

Control questions

1. What is metabolism?

2. What factors influence metabolism?

3. What is the role of labor and physical education in the metabolic process?

4. How does metabolism occur in people of different ages?

5. What determines a person’s daily energy expenditure?

6. What is basal metabolism?

7. What labor group does the cook belong to? What is her consumption?
energy?

It should not be assumed that the more physical work a person does, the better, and therefore there is no point in counting calories or setting any limits on energy expenditure. Doctors' observations show that too much muscle activity (hard physical labor, regular grueling training) causes exhaustion of the nervous system, the development of unfavorable and then pathological changes in the human body. In any case, it has been absolutely determined that with a daily energy expenditure of 10,000 kcal, the human body does not receive from food 200 to 400 kcal per day (it is simply not able to absorb the amount of food necessary to replenish such huge expenses, no matter how much it receives) and loses 0.3-0.7 kg of weight during this day. (It should be clarified that we are talking about daily exercise. The energy expenditure of athletes sometimes reaches 12,000 kcal, but this is followed by either rest or training with a small load.) However, even half the energy expenditure (5000-6000 kcal per day) for over a number of years, it has an adverse effect on the body - heavy physical work causes a person to age prematurely.

The famous labor physiologist Lehman studied the energy expenditure of people working in various industries for many years and came to the conclusion that daily energy expenditure should not exceed 4800 kcal (or about 3000 kcal for muscular work). And the optimal costs for a healthy person with average physical development are even less: 2700-3800 kcal (of which 1200-2000 kcal for muscle work).

Interesting calculations were carried out by a group of Czechoslovak scientists studying the problems of labor physiology. They set out to determine how many years in a row a person can work without harm to health given a given energy expenditure per working day. And above all, they were interested in the level of energy expenditure that would allow them to maintain good health for at least 25 years of working life. According to calculations, for 25 years (that is, 1200 working weeks), you can perform physical work with an energy expenditure of 1500 kcal (in excess of the basal metabolism). If the daily expenditure on physical work is in the range of 2750-3000 kcal (above the basal metabolic rate), then a person can continue such work for only 200 weeks of his 25-year working life; with a daily energy consumption of 4500 kcal (above the basal metabolism) - 60 weeks.

Summarizing the opinions of various researchers, scientists believe that the optimal daily energy expenditure of a person is in the range of 2700-3800 kcal (with basal metabolism). If we exclude from here the basal metabolism “guaranteed” to each of us, it turns out that we must spend an average of 1200-2000 kcal per day on muscle work (energy consumption below this level is typical for a state of physical inactivity).
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The energy spent on the work of internal organs and heat exchange is called basic exchange. At an air temperature of 20 °C, complete rest, on an empty stomach, the basic metabolism is 1 kcal per 1 hour per 1 kg of human body weight. Consequently, basal metabolism depends on body weight, as well as the sex and age of a person (Table 3.1).

A total of 5 labor groups have been defined for men and 4 for women. Each work group corresponds to a certain coefficient of physical activity.

For calculation daily energy expenditure it is necessary to multiply the basal metabolic rate (corresponding to the age and body weight of a person) by the physical activity coefficient (PFA) of a certain population group.

Group I - workers predominantly in mental work, very light physical activity, CFA - 1.4: scientists, students of humanities, computer operators, controllers, teachers, dispatchers, control panel workers, medical workers, accounting workers, secretaries, etc. Daily consumption energy depending on gender and age, it is 1800...2450 kcal.

Group II - workers engaged in light labor, light physical activity, CFA - 1.6: transport drivers, conveyor workers, weighers, packers, garment workers, radio-electronic industry workers, agronomists, nurses, orderlies, communication workers, service workers, sellers of manufactured goods and etc. Daily energy consumption, depending on gender and age, is 2100...2800 kcal.

Group III - workers of moderate labor, average physical activity, CFA - 1.9: mechanics, adjusters, adjusters, machine operators, drillers, drivers of excavators, bulldozers, coal combines, buses, surgeons, textile workers, shoemakers, railway workers, food sellers , water workers, apparatchiks, metallurgists, blast furnace workers, chemical plant workers, catering workers, etc. Daily energy consumption, depending on gender and age, is 2,500... 3,300 kcal.

Group IV - workers of heavy physical labor, high physical activity, CFA - 2.2: construction workers, driller's assistants, tunnelers, cotton pickers, agricultural workers and machine operators, milkmaids, vegetable growers, woodworkers, metallurgists, foundry workers, etc. Daily energy consumption depending on gender and age is 2,850...3,850 kcal.

Group V - workers of particularly heavy physical labor, very high physical activity, CFA - 2.5: machine operators and agricultural workers during the sowing and harvesting periods, miners, timber fellers, concrete workers, masons, diggers, loaders of non-mechanized labor, reindeer herders, etc. Daily consumption energy depending on gender and age is 3,750... 4,200 kcal.

]

Energy expenditure of human muscles, organs and tissues depending on gender, age category and body weight

Table of energy consumption of human organs and tissues

Daily energy consumption consists of three quantities:

basal metabolic rate
increased metabolism when eating (specific dynamic effect of food)
increased metabolism as a result of work (physical or mental).

Daily energy consumption must be fully covered by energy obtained from food. If food is supplied in insufficient quantities, then this condition is not met and the substances of the body itself begin to oxidize. As a result, the energy balance is disrupted, a person loses weight, his performance and adaptation to adverse environmental influences decrease; A number of other phenomena arise that indicate serious health problems. Therefore, when characterizing the body’s need for food, it is necessary first of all to establish what its need for energy is. This determines the quantitative side of nutrition.

BX determined at rest - in the morning on an empty stomach, 12-14 hours after eating, at room temperature, lying down. It characterizes energy expenditure to maintain vital functions: the activity of the cardiovascular, respiratory, excretory systems, metabolism, maintaining muscle tone.

Its magnitude depends on gender and age, on the size of the body surface in relation to mass, the state of the central nervous system, the activity of the endocrine glands, the nature of nutrition, climatic and geographical conditions, etc.

The basal metabolism in women is 5-8% lower than in men; in children - relatively higher than in adults (calculated per unit of body weight); in older people - 10-15% lower than in young people.

In relatively young people with well-developed muscles, which are energetically active tissue (athletes), the basal metabolism is higher than in overweight people with significant fat deposits.

When the external temperature rises, the basal metabolism decreases; when it decreases, it increases.

On average, the basal metabolic rate in adults is 1 kcal per 1 kg of body weight per hour (1680 kcal for a body weight of 70 kg per day).

Eating food (especially proteins) causes an increase in basal metabolism - due to increased activity of the digestive organs and the activity of certain parts of the skeletal muscles associated with food intake. On average, basal metabolism increases by 10-12% after eating.

Work (especially related to muscle activity) has a great influence on increasing basal metabolism. Quiet sitting already increases metabolism by 12-15%, standing - by 20%, slow walking - by 80-100%, running - by 400%. Sports exercises increase energy expenditure by 10-20 times or more due to increased oxidative processes in working muscles.

Daily energy expenditure and, accordingly, calorie needs for an adult vary (depending on the type of activity and age): for men - from 2350 to 3900 kcal, for women - from 2100 to 3350 kcal (including active recreation - up to 4200 and 3600 kcal respectively).

According to the theory of balanced nutrition, normal functioning of the body is possible provided it is supplied with the necessary amount of energy corresponding to its daily energy expenditure, which consists of basal metabolism, specific dynamic action of food (SDAP), physical activity, gender and age.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) characterizes the energy consumption in the body for metabolic processes, maintaining blood flow and respiration at rest.

Under the influence of food intake, energy consumption increases, which is associated with an increase in redox processes necessary for the transformation of nutrients in the body. With a mixed diet, this increase is 10-15% of the basal metabolism.

The increase in metabolism is also influenced by the nature of the food taken, i.e. Different nutrients (proteins, fats, carbohydrates) have different abilities to increase basal metabolism. Most of all, basal metabolism increases when taking proteins - by 30-40%. Fats increase metabolism by 4-14%, carbohydrates - by 4-7%. An increase in metabolism caused by the intake of various food components is called specific dynamic action of food (SDAP).

In accordance with the amount of energy expenditure, 5 groups of the working-age population are distinguished among men and 4 groups among women; they were included in the current “Norms of Physiological Needs for the Adult Population” (1991).

Previously, the division into groups was based on certain professions, but practice has shown that the connection between energy expenditure and a person’s professional affiliation is very conditional. Therefore, in the 1991 “Norms,” the gradation of the population into groups is based on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the body and is carried out according to BOO, taking into account the physical activity coefficient (PFA) in accordance with the recommendations of the FAO/WHO Expert Committee (1985).

Physical Activity Rate (PFA)- this is the ratio of daily energy expenditure to the value of basal metabolism. If, for example, energy expenditure on all types of life activity is 2 times higher than the BEE for the corresponding group by gender and age, then for this group the CFA will be equal to 2. The higher the energy expenditure, the higher the CFA.

The norms of physiological needs for energy and nutrients are not constant and are periodically clarified and revised in connection with changes in working and living conditions of the population, and the emergence of new scientific data in the field of food hygiene.

Table 3 Physical activity ratio (PAR) of various population groups

In table 3 presents the CFA of various population groups. Knowing the SBI and CFA, it is easy to calculate a person’s daily energy expenditure by multiplying these indicators. Higher needs for energy and nutrients are observed among young men (18-29 years old), pregnant and lactating women, and residents of the North (by 10-15%). For the latter, the “Norms” provide for the percentage of calories in proteins and fats and carbohydrates as 15:35:50.

Measuring fat volume in the body is carried out in the following ways:

using a special device that shows the mass of water, muscle and fat in the body. Places of fat accumulation are determined by scanning;
by determining the ratio of waist volume to hip volume - normally it should be less than 0.85.
by using

If body weight is increased due to fat deposits by 10-15%, one speaks of overweight, but not of obesity as a disease. Based on severity, there are 4 degrees of obesity:

IV - 100% or more.

Individual daily energy expenditure can be calculated with varying degrees of accuracy. This indicator can be determined more accurately if we proceed from the average statistical data of the basal metabolic rate for a person of a certain age and with a certain body weight.

Athletes have much higher energy expenditures. They especially increase due to increased training loads and increased qualifications in all sports. The energy expenditures of athletes in various sports are given in Table. 4.

Table 4 Amounts of energy expenditure of athletes in various sports

Since energy expenditure and, accordingly, caloric intake standards of an athlete depend on his weight, it is proposed to calculate them per 1 kg of body weight.

In gymnastics, acrobatics, fencing, rugby, field hockey, volleyball, diving, equestrian sports, athletics sprinting and jumping, shooting sports, tourism, caloric intake standards are 60-65 kcal/kg;
in track and field throwing, water polo, boxing, basketball, hockey, football, speed skating, skiing (short distances) - 65-70 kcal/kg;
in long-distance running, swimming, weightlifting, cross-country skiing (long distance), race walking, all types of rowing, cycling - 70-75 kcal/kg;
in marathon running - 75-85 kcal/kg;
in multi-day cycling races - 82-90 kcal/kg.

To determine the calorie content of a diet, it is necessary to multiply the caloric content norm for a given sport by the athlete’s weight and add 10%. For example, for a sprinter, the calorie content is: 65 x 70 (athlete’s weight) = 4550 kcal; 4550 + 455 = 5005 kcal.

The need to add 10% is due to the fact that 10% of food is usually not absorbed by the body.

What is the energy expenditure in children and young athletes?

The daily energy requirement for children and adolescents is: at 7 years old - 2400; at 11-13 years old - 2850; at 14-17 years old (boys) - 3150, at 14-17 years old (girls) - 2750 kcal.

When doing athletics, you need to add energy consumption to these figures: in sprinting, jumping, throwing - at the rate of 290 kcal per 1 hour of exercise, and when running at medium distances - 450 kcal / h.

Thus, energy consumption for male runners aged 14-17 years can be: 3150 + 900 = 4050 kcal.

Energy consumption for a young athlete can also be calculated by the average calorie requirement of representatives of various sports, expressed per 1 kg of body weight per day. For example, for young men weighing 50 kg, energy consumption will be equal to: 70 x 50 = 3500 kcal + 350 (10%) = 3850 kcal.

When caloric intake corresponds (equally) to energy expenditure, body weight remains more or less constant. A significant increase in body weight with excessive fat deposition and the absence of noticeable muscle growth or, conversely, a decrease in body weight that is not explained by loss of water indicates excessive or insufficient nutrition. It should be borne in mind that at the beginning of training, body weight decreases by 1-3 kg as a result of some loss of water, fat deposits and wasted energy due to unnecessary movements. Then, as training increases, the mass stabilizes or even increases slightly (due to muscle development).

The use of alcohol, tobacco products and certain drugs changes the functional state of the digestive organs and can significantly affect the absorption of nutrients. Thus, alcohol provides additional energy supply (29.7 kJ/g) and, accordingly, significantly changes the energy balance of the athlete’s body.

In this regard, when assessing the calorie content of the daily diet, an athlete’s silence even about small amounts of alcohol consumed can lead to a noticeable discrepancy between the calculated and actual energy intake.

With chronic alcoholism, the processes of digestion, absorption and assimilation of nutrients are disrupted, resulting in a decrease in the nutritional value of foods.

The quantitative side of nutrition is determined by the energy that is released from food substances in the process of biological oxidation and is expressed in kilocalories.

The equivalents of available energy released during the breakdown of the digestible part of food are the following values: 1 gram of protein - 4.0 kcal., 1 gram of fat - 9.0 kcal., 1 gram of carbohydrates -4.0 kcal., 1 gram of alcohol - 7 .0 kcal., 1 gram of organic acids - 3.0 kcal.

The daily energy requirement is related to the body's energy expenditure. A person’s energy consumption depends on physical activity, gender and age.
In accordance with the size of energy consumption, 5 groups of the working population are distinguished. The division into groups is partially based on certain professions. Gradation into groups is carried out according to the value of the basal metabolic rate, taking into account the coefficient of physical activity.

The basal metabolic rate is the minimum amount of energy required to carry out life processes, that is, energy expenditure for the performance of all physiological, biochemical processes, for the functioning of organs and systems of the body in a state of temperature comfort (20 ° C), complete physical and mental rest on an empty stomach. The basal metabolic rate reflects the energy expended by the body on metabolic processes, maintaining blood flow and respiration at rest.

For a person of a certain gender, age and body weight, the basal metabolic rate has a constant rate. In this case, a person’s height does not play a special role.

Basic metabolic values for an adult (kcal/day):

Body weight in kg	AGE (years)
Body weight in kg			Over 60 years old
MEN (energy expenditure in kcalories)
		1280	1180

60


		1620



WOMEN (Energy expenditure in kcalories)

The ratio of energy consumption to the basal metabolic rate is defined as the coefficient of physical activity and is:

for group 1 - 1.4 (managers of enterprises, engineering and technical workers, doctors, teachers, educators, secretaries, scientists, dispatchers, control panel workers, etc.);

for group 2 - 1.6(workers employed on automated lines, in the radio-electronic industry, agricultural specialists, nurses, orderlies, sellers of manufactured goods, communications workers, service workers, urban public transport drivers, garment workers, trainers, etc.);

for group 3 - 1.9(machine operators, mechanics, surgeons, chemists, excavator and bulldozer drivers, railway workers, textile workers, drillers, blast furnace metallurgists, food industry workers, catering workers, food sellers, etc.);

For the 4th group - 2.2(builders, agricultural workers and machine operators, oil and gas industry workers, metallurgists, foundry workers, etc.);

for group 5 - 2.5(miners, steelworkers, masons, fellers, diggers, loaders, reindeer herders, etc.)

How to calculate your daily energy consumption

Example: You are a 35-year-old woman, your weight is 58 kg, and you are an accountant by profession. In the first table we find the column 30-39 years and the line 55 kg (2 kg is missing from 60, so you need to take the lower number), so your basal metabolic rate is 1260 kcal/day. The accountant profession most satisfies the first group, which means your physical activity coefficient will be 1.4.

We calculate daily energy consumption: 1260 ¤ 1.4 = 1764 kcal/day

In addition to dividing the population by energy consumption, each of the five groups is divided into three categories by age.

Men, especially young men, have the highest needs for energy and basic nutrients.

For pregnant and lactating women, an addition to the norm of the corresponding group of women is provided due to the additional need for energy and nutrients.

For persons engaged in active forms of recreation and living in areas with less developed public services, additions to the energy requirements are not provided.

Energy consumption standards for children

Energy consumption standards for the children's population are developed taking into account intense plastic processes in the body and the high activity of children.

During the period of intensive growth in children after 10 years, there is a significant increase in lean (fat-free) body mass (1.5-2 times), which requires additional energy.

From the age of 11, when there is a significant increase in lean body mass, children are divided by gender and their norms for energy intake and basic nutrients differ.

According to the 2008 nutritional standards, the child population is divided as follows:

1. Early age:

0-12 months - infant;

0-3 years - pre-school.

2. Preschool age: 3-7 years

3. School:

— junior 7-11 years old;

Average 11-14 years old (boys and girls).

4. Teenagers 14-18 years old (boys and girls).

Some features of energy consumption and quantitative aspects of nutrition

People of retirement age experience weight loss, metabolic processes slow down, and the need for energy and nutrients decreases. Accordingly, lower figures for these indicators are proposed for persons over 60 years of age.

In some circumstances, energy consumption levels may be higher or lower than actual demand.

People with low physical activity are at risk of overeating and increased calorie intake. Excessive calorie consumption leads to obesity and decreased function of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and immunity.

People with heavy physical labor often do not receive the required amount of calories from food and belong to a risk group with physical activity at the limit of physical capabilities. Eating insufficient amounts of food to cover energy expenditure leads to limited physical activity, reduced mobility in children and decreased performance in adults.

Independent activity

In addition to professional physical activity, there is physical activity associated with free time. This is the so-called independent activity. Independent activities include:

— social activity (participation in public meetings, rallies, festivals, visiting places of worship, theaters, cinema);

- activity during sports and physical education;

- optional activities (repair and improvement of the house, work in the garden).

Each type of activity corresponds to certain energy consumption, in the form of coefficients in relation to the value of the basal metabolism.

By timing a person's activity per day, it is possible to calculate the actual energy consumption of each person individually, taking his basal metabolism as a basis.